Bodinayakkanur
Historical background
Bodinayakkanur, picturesquely sited at the foot hills of Western Ghats in the Theni district, of Tamil Nadu, is a thriving market town where cardamom, coffee, tea, pepper, and silk-cotton are traded.
The zamindars of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu, whose history goes back to the 14th century, claim to be the descendants of the mythical Kalaikottu Munivar, i.e. Rishyashringa maharishi. They belong to the Rajakambalam Nayakas, a Telugu speaking group who fled from the Bellary region, in present-day Karnataka State, when, in the early 14th century, the troops of Alauddin Khilji invaded that region. They migrated first to western Tami Nadu, then proceeded southwards and eventually settled in the area of Bodinayakkanur.
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In the heart of the town is the palace of the Zamindar of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu Zamin, built by Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka (r. 1849 – 1862). The sprawling building, unfortunately in a sad state of disrepair, houses a generous-sized Darbar hall, the Lakshmi Vilasam, a large room used in bygone days as treasury, a gymnasium, a visitors’ hall, stables for horses and elephants, and a granary. At the death of Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka in 1862, his heir Tirumalai Bodaiya Kamaraja Pandya Nayaka was a minor, so the British first took over the administration of the state and, in due course, its territory.
An extensive set of Ramayana paintings, dating of the mid-19th century, adorns the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam and the Darbar hall. Above each scene is an explanatory caption in colloquial Tamil. The Balakanda narrative, from the beginning up to the departure of the four princely couples from Mithila is ingeniously laid out on the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam. Particularly interesting are the scenes dealing with the nuptial rituals and the ceremonies, performed according to the Rajakambalam Nayakas traditions. A small shrine in this room houses a painting of the eight-armed family deity of the ruling family, Vadamalai Nachiammannai.
The rest of the narrative is illustrated in great detail on the walls of the Darbar Hall. The rendering of the Parashurama episode followed by the arrival of the newly wed couples in Ayodhya is, strangely enough, the sole episode painted on a portion of the Darbar Hall’s ceiling. Episodes from the Yuddhakanda, such as Indrajit’s sacrifice in Nikumbhila, as well as scenes of music and dance are found on the underside of the lobed arches supporting the hall’s ceiling. Sadly a section of the murals depicting the Yuddhakanda, is lost.

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: After having broken Shiva’s bow, Rama and Lakshmana stand before Janaka and his courtiers; Sita gives some ornaments to two companions; Janaka and his entourage send an invitation to Dasharatha to attend the wedding; The messenger on his way to Ayodhya; Second row: The sages, and the ministers travel in palanquins, the princes in a wagon, Dasharatha in a chariot heads the procession along with the insignia bearers; Third row: Shrutakirti and Mandavi in a palanquin, surrounded by their attendants and standard bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Janaka and his entourage send an invitation to Dasharatha to attend the wedding; Janaka’s messenger travels from Mithila to Ayodhya and gives the invitation letter to Dasharatha; Second row: Dasharatha in a chariot heads his party on the way to Mithila; The two parties meet, Vasishtha,Vishvamitra and Shatananda discuss the wedding arrangements; Third row: Urmila in her palanquin accompanied by insignia bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The messenger from Mithila hands the invitation letter to Dasharatha; The king discusses the matter with Bharatha, Shatrughna, Vasishtha, Sumantra and the queens; The messenger is dismissed after being rewarded; Second row: The two parties discuss marriage arrangements; A band marks the beginning of the celebrations; Third row: Mandavi and Sita in their palanquins, and insignia bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The Ayodhya party on the way to Mithila; Second row: Preparations for the wedding ceremony; Attendants massage the princes’ and the princesses’ arms with haldi (turmeric); Third row: The princes Rama, Lakshmana; Bharata and Shatrughna on their elephants are accompanied to the marriage venue, with fireworks and crackers. Above the door: The three sages Vasishtha, Shatananda and Vishvamitra in their chariots.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The Ayodhya party on the way to Mithila; Second row: Preparations for the wedding ceremony; Attendants massage the princes’ and the princesses’ arms with haldi (turmeric); Third row: The princes Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna on their elephants are accompanied to the marriage venue, with fireworks and crackers; In the arch above the door: The three sages, Vasishtha, Shatananda and Vishvamitra in their chariots.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: At the gates of Mithila, Dasharatha embraces Janaka, Vasishtha embraces Janaka’s chaplain, Shatananda; The princes pay homage to Vasisthta. Once in town, the princes pay homage to Dasharatha while Vishvamitra looks on; Rama and Lakshmana pay homage to the three queens; Second row: As a part of the wedding ceremonial, the four couples look at the pole star; Third row: The couples in their apartments: the brides offer pan to their spouses; Fourth row: Janaka and Dasharatha accompanied by their entourage; The four Mithila princesses pay homage to Janaka and are given gifts. In the arch above the door: Rama and his brothers pay homage to Dasharatha and the three queens.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: On the right: The dikpalas pay homage to Vishnu reclining on the coils of the serpent Shesha floating on the ocean. On a cloud: Narada and Tumburu play while the gandharvas strew flowers; Further gandharvas float above the temple. It is possible that the artist depicted here the image of Vishnu reclining on Shesha enshrined in the Sri Ranganatha temple on Srirangam Island.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma on their vahanas; The dikpalas pay homage to the three deities seated atop a mountain; On the right Narada floats on a cloud; Second row: Dasharatha and the queens with their four children on their lap; Vasishtha and three further sages perform the namakarana (name giving) ceremony.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The eight dikpalas; Narada discovers Valmiki buried in an anthill writing on a palm leaf; The young ascetic, Shravanakumara, carries his blind parents in two baskets and hangs the baskets on a tree; Second row: The three queens and a nurse nursing the infants; The four toddlers crawling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Shravanakumara fetches water for his parents, and is accidentally killed by Dasharatha; The king brings the water to the youth’s parents; The court of Romapada king of Anga; The king discusses with two rishis the drought afflicting his country; Following their advice, he sends the courtesans to fetch Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar); Second row: King Dasharatha’s queens watch the crawling toddlers; The four princes, Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna are being schooled by the sage Vasishtha.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The courtesans seduce Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) and bring him to the kingdom of Anga; His presence releases the rains; King Romapada and an ascetic welcome him; Second row: The four sons of Dasharatha are trained in horse riding.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The courtesans seduce Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) and bring him to the kingdom of
Anga where his arrival relesases the rains; King Romapada, his minister and an ascetic welcome him ; Rishyashringa weds Shanta Romapada’s adoptive daughter; Second row: Vasishtha teaches elephant riding to Rama and horse riding to Shartughna, Bharata and Lakshmana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The story of Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) seduced by the courtesans and taken to the Anga country where his arrival brings the rain and where he weds Shanta; Second row: Vasishtha teaches horse and elephant riding to Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata and Shatrughna; Third row: Vishvamitra, Rama and Lakshmana cross the river and enter the forest; Rama kills the rakshasi Tataka.
Location: Tamil Nadu;Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) leaves the Anga country to visit Ayodhya and is welcomed by King Dasharatha, the sage Vasisthta and the minister Sumantra; The putrakameshti yajna (ritual to obtain a son) is performed; The Yajnapurusha emerges from the flames bearing the vessel containing the miraculous payasa; Second row: Rama rides an elephant; Vasishtha teaches the princes how to drive chariots.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar), Vasishtha and other sages officiate at king Dasharatha’s putrakameshti yajna (ritual for obtaining a son); The Yajnapurusha emerges from the fire carrying a vessel of payasa , which is then handed over to Vasishtha and then to Dasharatha; The sweetmeat is divided among the three queens; Second row: The four princes learn fencing under the guidance of Vasishtha.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The queens and their attendants conversing; The heavily pregnant queens, are fanned and massaged by their attendants; Second row: Vasishtha teaches Shatrughna, Bharata, Lakshmana and Rama archery.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The pregnant queens massaged by their attendants; The queens give birth; Second row: After completing their education, the princes, escorted by Vasishtha, meet Dasharatha and his minister, Sumantra.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam; ‘Puja room’

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The pregnant queens are massaged by their attendants; The queens, Kausalya, Sumitra and Kaikeyi give birth; Second row: After completing their education, the princes, escorted by Vasishtha, meet king Dasharatha and his minister, Sumantra. On the extreme right: Outside the palace walls, Bharata and Shatrughna.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The midwife informs the king that the queens have given birth and she is rewarded; Dasharatha bestows gifts upon the Brahmins (clothes, cattle, etc.); Second row: Lakshmana looks on while Rama aims pellets at Kuni’s (Manthara’s) hump. The four princes and their mothers in the palace.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The Brahmins receive gifts from king Dasharatha; The four babies are given a bath; Second row: Rama and the three queens in the palace; A messenger announces the arrival of Vishvamitra; The sage is welcomed by Vasishtha, Dasharatha, Sumantra and their entourage.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
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