Topography
Historical background
Particularly interesting are the schematic renderings of many temples. The deities are shown in their own shrines along with the typical natural features of the site, enabling thus the viewer to identify them.
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row, left: A council scene: Rama discusses the strategy with Hanuman, Vibhishana and Jambavan; On the extreme right: Lakshmana on Hanuman’s shoulders fights against Indrajit (?); Central row: Disappeared; Top row: Wounded and dying heroes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Ramapattabhisheka (Rama’s consecration); Rama and Sita enthroned flanked by Lakshmana and the rishis, on the left; Bharata holding the ceremonial umbrella, on the right. In the foreground are the allies, Hanuman kneels before Rama supporting his right foot; Sugriva distributes the presents (jewellery) to all the participants in the Lanka expedition.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Ramapattabhisheka (Rama’s consecration); Rama and Sita enthroned flanked by Lakshmana and the rishis, on the left; Bharata holding the ceremonial umbrella, Shatrughna waving a fly-whisk, Vibhishana and others on the right. In the foreground are the allies, Hanuman kneels before Rama supporting his right foot; Sugriva distributes the presents (jewellery) to all the participants in the Lanka expedition.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Ramapattabhisheka (Rama’s consecration); Rama and Sita enthroned flanked by Lakshmana and the rishis, on the left; Bharata holding the ceremonial umbrella, Shatrughna waving a fly-whisk, Vibhishana and others on the right. In the foreground are the allies, Hanuman kneels before Rama supporting his right foot; Sugriva distributes the presents (jewellery) to all the participants in the Lanka expedition.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Description: Bottom row: Hanuman, Sita and Vibhishana before Rama; Lakshmana lights up the fire for Sita’s ordeal: Central row: Sita’s fire ordeal witnessed by all the deities; Top row: Rama, Sita and the allies fly back to Ayodhya on the pushpaka vimana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Sita is taken in a palanquin preceded by Vibhishana and musicians to meet Rama and his allies; Central row: Brahma, Shiva, other celestials and the dikpalas witness Sita’s fire ordeal; Top row: Rama, Sita and the allies, on their journey to Ayodhya on board of the pushpaka vimana. pay homage to the navagrahas temple at Navapashana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa,ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Hanuman informs Sita that she is to meet Rama; she is bathed, and carried in a palanquin. Vibhishana and musicians precede her; Central row: Celestials and dikpalas witness Sita’s fire ordeal. On the extreme right, Agni carries Sita in his
arms and restores her unscathed to Rama; A gandharva, floating on a cloud, throws flowers on the protagonists; Top row: On their way back to Ayodhya, Rama, Sita and their allies worship at the navagrahas shrine at Navapashana. On the right: monkeys.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Hanuman informs Sita that she is to meet Rama; she is bathed, and carried in a palanquin; Central row, on the extreme right: Agni carries Sita in his arms to restore her to Rama; Top row: The navagrahas shrines at Navapashana, and fragments of figures. On the right, monkeys.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parhasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Rama talks to Vibhishana, who prostrates before him, followed by a monkey and Jambavan; Lakshmana consecrates Vibhishana; Central row: Angada and Hanuman disrupt Ravana’s patala-homa (a sacrifice to ensure the victory over the enemy); Rama’s troops invade Ravana’s palace; Angada grabs Mandodari by the hair; Top row: battle scenes: Lakshmana fights against Ravana and other rakshasas under the eyes of Jambavan, Sugriva and other heroes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Rama talks to Vibhishana, who prostrates before him, followed by a monkey and by Jambavan; Lakshmana consecrates Vibhishana; Central row: Hanuman and Angada disrupt Ravana’s patala-homa (a special sacrifice to ensure victory over the enemy); the monkeys invade Ravana’s
palace; Angada grabs Mandodari by the hair and drags her out of her rooms; Ravana, a disappeared figure, and Sugriva(?); Top row: battle scenes: Lakshmana fights against Ravana and other rakshasas under the eyes of Jambavan, Sugriva and other heroes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Battle scenes on all three rows. Top row: Lakshmana is wounded on the battlefield and lies on Rama’s lap. The physician Sushena takes care of him; Hanuman goes to the Himalayas and brings back the mountain with the healing herbs.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
Date: Late 16th or early 17th century
Description: Bottom row: Rama on the battlefield ; Vibhishana talks to him; Battle scenes; Central row: almost totally
disappeared; Top row: Hanuman on a hillock; Hanuman and Vibhishana talk to Jambavan; Wounded and dying heroes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Venugopala Parthasarathi Temple;Chengam
Positioning: Open mandapa, ceiling
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