Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A wandering rishi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Bathing rishis. Inscribed: ‘Brahma, rishis and Indra went to Vishnu for advice’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A rishi draping his dhoti.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A rishi performing argya (offering of water) and another seated on a pedestal. Inscribed ;’Brahma, rishis and Indra went to Kailasa’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A rishi walking, drying his dhoti.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Fourth tier, south chamber, west wall general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: From left: Rishis, celestials, a gandharva carrying a vina, and Adhikaranandi before a maruda tree.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: From left: Rishis, celestials, a gandharva carrying a vina and Adhikaranandi find a linga (Shiva manifests himself as Sphutarjuna) inside the maruda tree.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall, top row

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Indra and another celestial worship Shiva as Sphutarjuna appearing in the maruda tree.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Indra and two ascetics on the banks of the Tamraparni River.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the right: Brahma throws the gada in the Ganga; The gada flows in the ocean and then upstream in the Tamraparni river and stops at the confluence of the Tamraparni with the Ghatananadi. Here it stops (left).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: From right: Brahma and a rishi worship the linga in the tree; Vishnu and a celestial worship the linga in the maruda tree. Inscribed:’ Here Vishnu worshipped Lord Shiva’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left: Indra accompanied by a deva, approaches Vishnu and a rishi. Inscribed: ‘After the sin of having killed a brahmin was removed, Indra worships Vishnu’. On the right, Vishnu worships Shiva as Sphutarjuna in the maruda tree.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: From left: rishis, celestials, a gandharva carrying a vina, and Adhikaranandi before the maruda tree.
Bottom row: Indra, accompanied by a celestial and a rishi approaches the maruda tree and worships Shiva (Sphutarjuna).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall
![Title: Narumpunatha Temple; Tiruppudaimarudur Date: mid-17th centuryDescription: Inscribed: 'Lakshmi, Bhudevi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) worshipped' [the linga under the maruda tree]. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_7443-150x99.jpg)
Date: mid-17th century
Description: Inscribed: ‘Lakshmi, Bhudevi and Vagishvari (Sarasvati) worshipped’ [the linga under the maruda tree].
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Goddesses collecting flowers for the linga puja.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Goddesses plucking flowers for the linga puja.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The Chera king and his retinue stand before the arjuna tree. Inscribed: ‘Adi Manu’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The royal horse and groom.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Goddesses worshipping the linga. Inscribed: ‘Goddesses going to devaloka’. i.e. after worshipping the linga, they went to the world of the gods.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall
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