Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The Chera king, Vira Martanda,worships the linga in the forest. On the left, a doe.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber , west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The Chera king, Vira Martanda, accompanied by his retinue, worships the linga. Inscribed: ‘Adi Manu visualized’
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The Chera king, Vira Martanda, grants audience to two men. On the right, the king’s retinue. According to the inscription the king is discussing to restore/re-build the temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: 17th century
Description: Fifth tier: view of the ceiling
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier

Date: 17th century
Description: Fifth tier: Ceiling, detail of rafters.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier, ceiling

Date: 17th century
Description: Fifth tier: ceiling, detail of rafters.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Bhadrakali and Ardhanarishvara, surrounded by rishis, devotees and celestials.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier, west wall

Date: mid-17th century, vandalised
Description: Subrahmanya (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier, north wall

Date: mid-17th century, vandalised
Description: On the left Ardhanarishvara; on the right, Subrahmanya (?)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura. fifth tier, north-west corner

Date: mid-17th century, vandalised
Description: On the left: Shiva flanked by Adhikaranandi and another devotee; On the right: Bhagavati (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier, north and east walls

Date: mid-17th century, vanished
Description: Detail of north wall (top).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Dvarapala (door keeper).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Yali strut.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Yali strut.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fifth tier

Date: mid-17th century, vandalised
Description: Tripurasundari flanked by Sarasvati (?) (right) and Durga (left).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura fifth tier, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Rama inspecting the arrow which will kill Vali, at the presence of Lakshmana and Sugriva; at his feet is Hanuman.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north wall

Date: Narumpunatha Temple; Tiruppudaimarudur
Description: A net to catch a large fish is cast under the guidance of an experienced fisherman, i.e. Shiva in disguise. (TP 57)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: Gopura; 16th-17th century
Description: View of the gopura from east.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura
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