Rituals
Historical background
Weddings and festivals provide the artists with a scope to explore religious rituals and at the same time courtly etiquette, dress, and ornaments in great detail.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Linga puja in an unidentified temple. According to Dr R. Kannan and Dr Balasubrahmanian, “Tiruppudaimarudur Murals and Wood Carvings”, Chennai, 2014, p. 116, this temple is identified as Sri Jambukeshvara on the basis of the sacred jambu tree prominently shown here.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Devotees watch an elephant placing a garland on the linga at Tiruvanaikkaval (Sri Jambukesvara); Second row: Devotees at worship at the Sri Ranganatha Temple, Srirangam Island. Third row: Linga puja in an unidentified temple. According to Dr R. Kannan and Dr Balasubrahmanian, “Tiruppudaimarudur Murals and Wood Carvings”, Chennai, 2014, p. 116, this temple is identified as Sri Jambukeshvara on the basis of the sacred jambu tree prominently shown here.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A drummer and dancer performing in a mandapa while a priest performs arati at the Nellaiyappar temple, Tirunelveli. On the left, near the entrance gopura the seven ‘musical’ pillars are prominently shown.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A priest performing arati before the goddess Kantimathi Ambal in the Nellaiyappar temple complex. On the right, the bamboo grove, where, according to the legend, Agastya maharishi found and worshipped the linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A group of devotees at the Kutralanatha temple, Kutralam. The jack fruit trees prominently shown here are the sacred trees of this temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: A group of devotees at worship in at the Kutralanatha temple. Bottom: Visitors at the Minakshi Sundareshvara Temple, Madurai, and devotees and priest performing arati (waving the lit lamps clockwise) before the image of the goddess Minakshi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Priests performing arati (waving the lit lamps clockwise) before the goddess Kuzhavai Mozhiammai at the Kutralanatha Temple, Kutralam. On the right, six lingas on a hill and the waterfall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A priest performs arati before the image of the goddess Minakshi; On the right, musicians.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: The Nellaiyappar and Kantimathi Ambal temple, Tirunelveli; Second row; The Kutralanathar temple, Kutralam; Third row; The Minakshi Sundareshvara temple, Madurai.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: The Nellaiyappar and Kantimathi Ambal temple, Tirunelveli; Second row; The Kutralanathar temple, Kutralam; Third row; The Minakshi Sundareshvara temple, Madurai.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Priests performing arati before a linga at the accompaniment of music and dance. On the extreme right, a standing courtly figure.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Devotees at worship in a Shiva temple in a wooded landscape. On the left, the Goddess’ shrine.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, south east corner
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