Bodinayakkanur
Historical background
Bodinayakkanur, picturesquely sited at the foot hills of Western Ghats in the Theni district, of Tamil Nadu, is a thriving market town where cardamom, coffee, tea, pepper, and silk-cotton are traded.
The zamindars of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu, whose history goes back to the 14th century, claim to be the descendants of the mythical Kalaikottu Munivar, i.e. Rishyashringa maharishi. They belong to the Rajakambalam Nayakas, a Telugu speaking group who fled from the Bellary region, in present-day Karnataka State, when, in the early 14th century, the troops of Alauddin Khilji invaded that region. They migrated first to western Tami Nadu, then proceeded southwards and eventually settled in the area of Bodinayakkanur.
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In the heart of the town is the palace of the Zamindar of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu Zamin, built by Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka (r. 1849 – 1862). The sprawling building, unfortunately in a sad state of disrepair, houses a generous-sized Darbar hall, the Lakshmi Vilasam, a large room used in bygone days as treasury, a gymnasium, a visitors’ hall, stables for horses and elephants, and a granary. At the death of Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka in 1862, his heir Tirumalai Bodaiya Kamaraja Pandya Nayaka was a minor, so the British first took over the administration of the state and, in due course, its territory.
An extensive set of Ramayana paintings, dating of the mid-19th century, adorns the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam and the Darbar hall. Above each scene is an explanatory caption in colloquial Tamil. The Balakanda narrative, from the beginning up to the departure of the four princely couples from Mithila is ingeniously laid out on the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam. Particularly interesting are the scenes dealing with the nuptial rituals and the ceremonies, performed according to the Rajakambalam Nayakas traditions. A small shrine in this room houses a painting of the eight-armed family deity of the ruling family, Vadamalai Nachiammannai.
The rest of the narrative is illustrated in great detail on the walls of the Darbar Hall. The rendering of the Parashurama episode followed by the arrival of the newly wed couples in Ayodhya is, strangely enough, the sole episode painted on a portion of the Darbar Hall’s ceiling. Episodes from the Yuddhakanda, such as Indrajit’s sacrifice in Nikumbhila, as well as scenes of music and dance are found on the underside of the lobed arches supporting the hall’s ceiling. Sadly a section of the murals depicting the Yuddhakanda, is lost.

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row (left): Ravana, Kumbhakarna and other rakshasas in council; Ravana gathers his troops; (right) the troops march towards the battlefield; Second row: (left) Lakshmana riding on Hanuman’s shoulders kills Mahodara; Messengers report to Ravana; Rakshasas carrying pots (?); Vibhishana talks to Rama and his allies; They attack Lanka; (right) They storm the palace and pollute Ravana’s yajna; Hanuman grabs Mandodari by the hair; Third row: (left) Rama requests Hanuman to fetch Sita; He and his followers go to the ashoka grove; The attendants bathe Sita; (right) Hanuman and his followers carry Sita in a palanquin to Rama and prostrates before him; Fourth row (left);The allies in the pushpaka vimana (aerial chariot) fly above Jatayu’s remains (?) and above the sea (?) (right) and land in Ayodhya; Fifth row: The reunion of the exiles and their family in Nandigrama.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Rama’s consecration; Rama and Sita enthroned flanked by Bharata, carrying an umbrella, Shatrughna (right) and Lakshmana (left); Hanuman kneeling in the foreground holds Rama’s foot; Among the allies, on the right are Vibhishana, Guha, the ladies of the court; On the left are groups of monkeys, bears, musicians, and among the crowd, members of the Zamindar’s family may have been portrayed.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandarva holding a musical instrument (?) and a gandharvi playing a jaw harp.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva carrying a vina and a gandharvi with a parrot perched on her shoulder.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the lower side of the lobed arches: A gandharva playing the trumpet and a gandharvi with cymbals.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva playing the shankha embraces a gandharvi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva plays the vina, a gandharvi plays the fiddle.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva plays the mridangam, a gandharvi plays the ghutru.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rama in council; Consecration scene (?Vibhishana joins Rama’s party); Rama in council; Rama sleeps on a bed of darbha grass on the shore of the sea; Sagara prostrates before Rama; Council scene; Second row: (illegible) Council scene; Ravana in Lanka; Battle scene; Third row: Rama in council; Hanuman carries Rama on his shoulder, Angada (?) carries Lakshmana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Hanuman hands to Rama Sita’s chudamani (head jewel) (?); Rama and Lakshmana talk to Hanuman and Jambavan and review the assembled troops; Second row: Ravana is on top of a tower, Sugriva (?) jumps on him, grabs his crown and brings it to Rama; Rama sends Angada on a diplomatic mission to Lanka; Third row: Battle scene, Lakshmana riding on Hanuman’s shoulder routs the rakshasas; Ravana on the battlefield wounds Lakshmana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The army of the allies on the move; Ravana in council; The allies’ army (?); Second row: Illegible; Third row: Hanuman rescues the unconscious Lakshmana from the battlefield and takes him back to Rama.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Hanuman flies above the sea returning from his expedition to Lanka; The monkeys and the bears destroy the Madhuvana; Hanuman meets Rama; Second row: The monkeys and the bears build the bridge and cross the strait and reach Lanka; Rama in council; Third row: Ravana in council; Ravana on a chariot rides into the battlefield.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana meet Sugriva; Rama fells the seven trees and his arrow pierces a mountain (?); He kicks Dundubhi’s carcass away; Second row: Sugriva talks to Rama; Sugriva prostrates before Rama; Sugriva speaks to Hanuman; Rama entrusts his signet ring to Hanuman; Hanuman kills an asura (?); Third row: Once in Lanka, Hanuman looks for Sita; Ravana speaks to Sita captive in the ashoka grove; Hanuman is concealed in the crown of a tree; Sita tries to hang herself from a branch, when Hanuman appears in front of her first as a small monkey, then as his majestic self; Fourth row: Hanuman taken captive, sits on his coiled tail before Ravana and the assembled rakshasas.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana meet Sugriva; Rama fells the seven trees and his arrow pierces a mountain(?); He kicks Dundubhi’s carcass in the air; Second row: Sugriva prostrates before Rama; Sugriva speaks to Hanuman; Rama entrusts his signet ring to Hanuman; Hanuman kills an asura (?); Third row: once in Lanka, Hanuman looks for Sita; Ravana speaks to Sita captive in the ashoka grove, Hanuman is concealed in the crown of a tree; Sita tries to hang herself from a branch, when Hanuman appears in front of her first as a small monkey, then as his majestic self; Fourth row: Hanuman taken captive, sits on his coiled tail before Ravana and the assembled rakshasas.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Sugriva prostrates before Rama and Lakshmana; Sugriva and Tara in their palace;
Rama sends Lakshmana to remind Sugriva of his promise; Tara bows before Lakshmana; Second row: On his way to Lanka, Hanuman encounters Simhika she chases him, but he eventually kills her; Once in Lanka, he enters the city in the guise of a cat, and he fights Lankini; He creeps into Ravana’s palace and peeps into his bedroom; Third row: Hanuman fights against Indrajit and is then taken captive; Fourth row: Hanuman seated on his coiled tail; Ravana’s guards.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Sugriva challenges Vali; The battle between Vali and Sugriva; Sugriva asks Rama’s help; Sugriva challenges Vali a second time; Tara tries to
dissuade him from accepting the challenge; Second row: On the search for Sita, Hanuman and his companions are trapped in Svayamprabha’s subterranean cave; They close their eyes, and return where they had come from; They meet the vulture Sampati; Third row: Sita entrusts her chudamani (head jewel) to Hanuman; Hanuman destroys Ravana’s garden.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Sugriva challenges Vali; The battle between Vali and Sugriva; Sugriva asks Rama’s help; Sugriva challenges Vali a second time; Tara tries to
dissuade him from accepting the challenge; Second row: On the search for Sita, Hanuman and his companions are trapped in Svayamprabha’s subterranean cave; They close their eyes, and return where they had come from; They meet the vulture Sampati; Third row: Sita entrusts her chudamani (head jewel) to Hanuman; Hanuman destroys Ravana’s garden.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva and a gandharvi dancing.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: A gandharva and a gandharvi dancing.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: Gandharvas and gandharvis dancing.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall
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