Bodinayakkanur
Historical background
Bodinayakkanur, picturesquely sited at the foot hills of Western Ghats in the Theni district, of Tamil Nadu, is a thriving market town where cardamom, coffee, tea, pepper, and silk-cotton are traded.
The zamindars of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu, whose history goes back to the 14th century, claim to be the descendants of the mythical Kalaikottu Munivar, i.e. Rishyashringa maharishi. They belong to the Rajakambalam Nayakas, a Telugu speaking group who fled from the Bellary region, in present-day Karnataka State, when, in the early 14th century, the troops of Alauddin Khilji invaded that region. They migrated first to western Tami Nadu, then proceeded southwards and eventually settled in the area of Bodinayakkanur.
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In the heart of the town is the palace of the Zamindar of Bodinayakkanur Palayapattu Zamin, built by Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka (r. 1849 – 1862). The sprawling building, unfortunately in a sad state of disrepair, houses a generous-sized Darbar hall, the Lakshmi Vilasam, a large room used in bygone days as treasury, a gymnasium, a visitors’ hall, stables for horses and elephants, and a granary. At the death of Bangaru Tirumalai Bodi Nayaka in 1862, his heir Tirumalai Bodaiya Kamaraja Pandya Nayaka was a minor, so the British first took over the administration of the state and, in due course, its territory.
An extensive set of Ramayana paintings, dating of the mid-19th century, adorns the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam and the Darbar hall. Above each scene is an explanatory caption in colloquial Tamil. The Balakanda narrative, from the beginning up to the departure of the four princely couples from Mithila is ingeniously laid out on the walls of the Lakshmi Vilasam. Particularly interesting are the scenes dealing with the nuptial rituals and the ceremonies, performed according to the Rajakambalam Nayakas traditions. A small shrine in this room houses a painting of the eight-armed family deity of the ruling family, Vadamalai Nachiammannai.
The rest of the narrative is illustrated in great detail on the walls of the Darbar Hall. The rendering of the Parashurama episode followed by the arrival of the newly wed couples in Ayodhya is, strangely enough, the sole episode painted on a portion of the Darbar Hall’s ceiling. Episodes from the Yuddhakanda, such as Indrajit’s sacrifice in Nikumbhila, as well as scenes of music and dance are found on the underside of the lobed arches supporting the hall’s ceiling. Sadly a section of the murals depicting the Yuddhakanda, is lost.

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Bharata arrives in Ayodhya and places Rama’s sandals on the throne; The story of the crow; The exiles meet Atri maharishi and Anasuya; They arrive in the Dandaka forest where Viradha attempts to abduct Sita but is killed by Rama and his liberated soul ascends to heaven; Second row: Lakshmana mutilates the rakshasi Shurpanakha; She runs to
seek the help of her brothers; They fight against Rama while Lakshmana guards Sita; Third row; Sita sees the golden gazelle and asks Rama to catch it; He goes into the forest, kills it and Maricha emerges out of its carcass; Fourth row: Ravana and Mandodari; Kumbhakarna asleep; Rama meets Lakshmana in the forest; They return to find the hut empty; Fifth row: Lakshmana is on the verge of mutilating Ayomukhi; Rama and Lakshmana meet and kill Kabandha, whose liberated soul ascends to heaven; They cremate him.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Encouraged by Kuni (Manthara), Kaikeyi speaks to Sumantra; King Dasharatha faints; The rishis make arrangements for Rama’s coronation; The messenger arrives; Kaikeyi supported by Kuni announces to Rama and Laskhmana that they are to be exiled; Then they take leave of their mothers; Sita insists in wanting to accompany them; They gift their worldly goods to the Brahmins; Second row: the exiles arrive at Bharadvaja’s hermitage; In Ayodhya, Dasharatha dies after hearing Sumantra’s report; The king’s body is immersed in a vat of oil; Third row: Ablutions after Dasharatha’s cremation; A courtly procession; The ladies of the harem in conference; The courtiers and Vasishtha want Bharata to be crowned but he refuses; Fourth row: The court on its way to Mt Chitrakuta; Lakshmana sees them arriving and reports to Rama; On the left and right side of the door: Ganesha and Subrahmanya.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rama before Dasharatha and the queens; Kaikeyi gives the bark clothes to Rama, Sita and Lakshmana; They take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra; Dasharatha sees them off at the gates of the city, he feels faint and he is carried back in a palanquin; Once back he speaks to his queens; Second row: Vasishtha sends a messenger to Kekaya announcing Dasharatha’s death; Bharata and Shatrughna
travel back to Ayodhya; Bharata has an argument with Kaikeyi; Third row: Bharata and Shatrughna meet the exiles on Mt Chitrakuta; Rama, Lakshmana and Sita pay homage to Vasishtha; The three queens are welcomed by the exiles.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rama and Sita worship Vishnu; Sumantra speaks to Rama and Sita; The couple pay homage to the Brahmins; They perform a yajna; General rejoicings; Kuni (Manthara) sees the preparations for Rama’s coronations and reports to Kaikeyi; Second row: The citizens of Ayodhya sleep around the exiles’ chariot; After crossing the river they take leave of the courtiers, send the chariot back and don the exiles’ clothes; Third row: Bharata and Shatrughna arrive in Ayodhya and meet the queens; They meet Vasishtha and see their father’s body; Fourth row: Bharata, Shatrughna and their entourage arrive on Mt Chitrakuta where they meet Rama and Lakshmana dressed in bark clothes and with matted hair.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Kuni (Manthara) and Kaikeyi; Kaikeyi in the ‘sulking’ room; Kaikeyi obtains from Dasharatha that her son, Bharata, will be crowned instead of Rama; Dasharatha is broken-hearted; A chariot is sent to fetch Rama and Sita; Vasishtha talks to them and sends a messenger to the queens; Second row: Guha and a second person pay homage to
the exiles and ferry them across the river; The exiles reach Bharadvaja’s hermitage; They cross the Yamuna on a raft and walk ahead through the forest; Third row: Dasharatha’s funeral cortege, and cremation; Mourning scene; Fourth row: Bharata and his followers cross the river and proceed towards Mt Chitrakuta.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Ceiling (from left to right and then from right to left and so on); Top row: The bridal procession leaves Mithila; They meet Parashurama; King Dasharatha falls at his feet; Rama challenges Parashurama; Second row: Wanting to test Rama, Parashurama asks him to demolish the staircase he built by piling up the bodies of the kings he had killed, which enabled his own ancestors to reach svarga (i.e. heaven) easily. Rama does so; Third row: Parashurama bestows his bow upon Rama and departs; Fourth row: The party arrives in Ayodhya and is greeted by a welcoming committee.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall, ceiling

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Ceiling (from left to right and then from right to left and so on), last two rows: Life in Ayodhya; Bharata and Shatrughna leave to visit their uncle Kekaya (?); Rama and Sita bathe in a tank under the gaze of Vasishtha and two other ascetics.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall, ceiling

Date: mid-19th century
Description: From top to bottom: Rama fights against the rakshasas; Rama beneath a tree and watches Sugriva valiantly fighting agains Ravana’s troops; Ravana in council; Ravana enters the fray and wounds Lakshmana; Rama on Indra’s chariot and Hanuman on foot, fight against Ravana; The heads and the limbs of the rakshasa warriors fly through the sky and land in the hands of their wives; Ghost-like creatures fight on Ravana’s side, but are routed by Rama; A heavenly chariot appears, Dasharatha accompanied by a host of celestials descends to meet Rama, Lakshmana and Sita; Vibhishana arranges for the pushpaka vimana (aerial chariot) to take Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and the allies back to Ayodhya; The allies board the chariot; During the flight, Hanuman spots a temple; He jumps off the chariot and pays homage to the enshrined deities; Hanuman, hands Rama’s ring to Bharata, just at the moment when he was entering the fire; The aerial chariot arrives on Mt Chitrakuta at the ashram of Bharadvaja; He hosts a meal for Rama and his allies; The pushpaka vimana lands in Nandigrama, where Bharata is worshipping Rama’s sandals; The allies confer with Bharadvaja (?); Music and dance; Preparations for a yajna; Rama and Sita discard their old clothes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Hanuman on his way to fetch the healing herb which will revive the wounded heroes meets the rakshasa Kalanemi disguised as an ascetic, and outwits him; Second row: The final battle between Rama and Ravana; Ravana’s death; Mourning scene; Ravana’s cremation; Vibhishana collects the ashes to entrust them to the river; The mourners perform their ablutions; Vibhishana in council with Rama and the allies; Third row: (left) Hanuman and Angada (?) jump on the aerial chariot; (right) Rama, Sita and the allies on the chariot fly above the causeway and Rameshwaram temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row (from left to right): Ravana in council; Lakshmana fights against Ravana and is wounded; Hanuman goes to the Himalayas to fetch the magical
herbs; On his way there he encounters the rakshasa Kalanemi disguised as an ascetic and the nymph Dhanyamali transformed by a curse into a crocodile Hanuman kills both of them; Second row: Rama enters the battlefield and fights against Ravana, killing him; Ravana’s wives mourn his death; Third row: Rama and his allies on board of the pushpaka vimana (aerial chariot); They fly above a Brahma (flanked by Yama ?) and a Vishnu temple where Hanuman and Angada (?) pay their respects; Fourth row: The arrival of the pushpaka vimana in Nandigrama; Bharata and Shatrughna pay homage to Rama. General rejoicings.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row (left): Rama and Sugriva look at the victims on the battlefield; Council scene; (right) Ravana in council; Second row (left): Ravana’s cremation; Vibhishana mourns his brother’s death; Rakshasa priests comfort him; Ablutions after Ravana’s
last rites; Rama in council; Third row: The pushpaka vimana (aerial chariot) flies above the causeway and Rameshwaram; (right); Lakshmana and Sugriva (?) consecrate Vibhishana: Vibhishana prostrates before Rama, Lakshmana and the allies.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Ravana in council; Lakshmana seated on Hanuman’s shoulders fights against three rakshasas; Two messengers report to Ravana and Kumbhakarna; Ravana gathers his rakshasa troops; Second row: Ravana in council listens to the reports of four messengers; Lakshmana riding on Hanuman’s shoulders kills Mahodara; Messengers report to Ravana; Rakshasas carrying pots; Vibhishana
talks to Rama and Lakshmana; The troops of the allies storm Lanka; Third row: Vibhishana’s consecration; Vibhishana prostrates before Rama; Rama talks to the allies; Hanuman and the allies visits Sita in the ashoka grove; She is bathed; They carry her in a palanquin; Fourth row: The allies in the pushpaka vimana land in Kishkindha; They fly above Jatayu’s remains, the remains of Ravana’s chariot (?) and above a river (?); Fifth row: Trumpeters announce the return of the exiles.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Vibhishana sees Ravana’s troops approaching; Sugriva sends his troops
across the bridge; A battle scene; Second row: The allies invade Lanka; Hanuman grabs Mandodari by the hair; Rama in council; Ravana enters the fray and Indra sends his divine chariot to Rama; Third row: Sita is carried in a palanquin; She prostrates before Rama; Sita’s fire ordeal; The gods witness the scene; She then prostrates before Rama; Fourth row: The empty aerial chariot; The allies in Ayodhya (?), Hanuman runs towards Guha who arrives by boat; Central tableau: Ramapattabhisheka.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches: Hanuman and his troops disrupt Indrajit’s yajna in Nikumbhila. Hanuman urinates in the sacred fire. On the left: Lakshmana and the allies fight against Indrajit.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches; Indrajit, concealed in a cloud lets loose a rain of arrows on the army of the allies headed by Lakshmana riding on Hanuman’s shoulders.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches; Ravana in Lanka surrounded by his ministers and flanked by Indrajit standing on the left, and by Kumbhakarna, seated on the right.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches; Ravana’s son Indrajit bids farewell to his wife, Sulochana, before the battle against Lakshmana and his allies.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches; Indrajit mounted on his chariot and his foot soldiers faces Lakshmana.The latter, seated on Hanuman’s shoulders, shoots a magical three-headed arrow which decapitates Indrajit.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Scene on the underside of the lobed arches; Lakshmana and his troops bring Indrajit’s head to Rama. Ravana, in his palace, flanked by courtiers and ladies, mourns his son’s death.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall

Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The empty aerial chariot; crowds in a palace; Bottom row: Rama; Lakshmana; Sita; Bharata and Shatrughna in Nandigrama.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Darbar Hall
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