Rituals
Historical background
Weddings and festivals provide the artists with a scope to explore religious rituals and at the same time courtly etiquette, dress, and ornaments in great detail.
Date: Paintings: late 19th, early 20th century
Description: On the left a king, perhaps Anapaya (Kulottunga Chola), a minister and Sekkilar paying homage to Vighneshvara (Ganesha); on the right a group of devotees, one of them with a lit lamp, stands before a stambha.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Atmanatha Temple;Avudaiyarkloyil
Positioning: Sivananda Manikkavachakar shrine, prakara, north wall
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row (on the right of the corner, from left to right): The dikpalas worship Vishnu reclining on the coils of the serpent Shesha, enshrined in a temple on an island; This may refer to Sri Ranganatha temple at Srirangam; Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma on their vahanas; Second row: Namakarana (name giving ceremony); Third row: Vishvamitra and Vasishtha talk to king Dasharatha; Dasharatha is devastated on hearing Vishvamitra’s request; Rama and Lakshmana leave with the sage; Fourth row: Vishvamitra and his charges are ferried across the river and perform their ablutions.
Top row (on the left of the corner, from left to right); Dasharatha gifts cows to the Brahmins; the babies are given a bath; Second row; Rama hits Kuni (Manthara) with mud pellets; the princes and their mothers; the arrival of Vishvamitra; Third row; Rama and Lakshmana protect the sages’ yajna; Subahu is killed; The princes are praised by the rishis; they spend the night under the watchful gaze of Vishvamitra; Fourth row; Rama breaks Shiva’s bow; Sita’s suitors are devastated.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The dikpalas worship Vishnu reclining on the coils of the serpent Shesha; Vishnu and Shiva on their vahanas; Second row: Dasharatha and the queens celebrate their children namakarana (name giving ceremony); Third row: Vishvamitra and Vasishtha talk to Dasharatha; Dasharatha is devastated on hearing Vishvamitra’s request; Rama and Lakshmana leave with the sage; Fourth row: Vishvamitra and his charges are ferried across a river. They perform their ablutions.
Location: Tamil Nadu;Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The dikpalas worship Vishnu reclining on the coils of the serpent Shesha; Vishnu, Shiva and
Brahma on their vahanas; Second row: Dasharatha and the queens with their children on their lap celebrate the namakarana (name giving ceremony) officiated by Vasishtha; Third row: Vishvamitra and Vasishtha talk to Dasharatha; Dasharatha is devastated on hearing Vishvamitra’s request; Rama and Lakshmana leave with the sage; Fourth row: Vishvamitra and his charges are ferried across a river; They perform their ablutions; Rama frees Ahalya from her curse.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The dikpalas worship Vishnu reclining on the serpent Shesha; Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma on their vahanas; The dikpalas pay homage to the three gods seated atop a mountain; Second row: Dasharatha and the queens with the children on their lap, at the namakarana (name giving) ceremony officiated by Vasishtha; Third row: Vishvamitra and Vasishtha talk to Dasharatha; Dasharatha is devastated on hearing Vishvamitra’s request; Rama and Lakshmana leave with the sage; the queens and the courtiers say farewell to them; Fourth row: Vishvamitra and his charges are ferried across a river. They perform their ablutions; Rama frees Ahalya from her curse, immediately behind her is her husband, Gautama.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma on their vahanas; The dikpalas pay homage to the three gods seated atop a mountain; Narada discovers the sage Valmiki buried in an anthill writing on a palm leaf; Shravanakumara carries his blind parents in baskets tied to a yoke; He is accidentally killed by Dasharatha; Second row: The namakarana (name giving) ceremony is performed by Vasishtha; The queens and a nurse, nursing the four babies; They watch the infants crawling; Third row: Dasharatha is devastated by Vishvamitra’s request; He entrusts Rama and Lakshmana to the sage, and along with the queens and courtiers escorts them to the gates of Ayodhya; They arrive in the forest and spend their first night there; They reach an ashram; Fourth row: Vishvamitra and his charges are ferried across a river; They perform their ablutions. Rama frees Ahalya from her curse, immediately behind her is her husband Gautama. In the arch above the door leading to the puja room, Gajalakshmi; On the right: Vishvamitra and the princes arrive in Mithila.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) arrives in Ayodhya and is welcomed by Dasharatha, Vasishtha and Sumantra; The putrakameshti yajna (ritual to obtain a son) is celebrated; Dasharatha divides the payasa among his three queens; Second row: The princes are trained in riding elephants, driving chariots, and fencing; Third row: Vishvamitra tells Rama to kill the demoness Tataka and once she is dead, freed from her curse, her soul ascends to heaven; Vishvamitra, Lakshmana, Indra other gods and gandharvas, praise Rama; Vishvamitra bestows the magical weapons on Rama; Fourth row: Four servants listen to Janaka’s command; Nine servants carry Shiva’s bow in the assembly hall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) arrives in Ayodhya and is welcomed by Dasharatha Vasishtha and Sumantra; The putrakameshti yajna (ritual to obtain a son) is celebrated; Dasharatha divides the payasa among his three queens; Second row: The princes are trained in riding elephants, driving chariots and fencing; Third row: Vishvamitra tells Rama to kill the demoness Tataka and once she is dead, freed from her curse, her soul ascends to heaven; Vishvamitra, Lakshmana, Indra, other gods and the gandharvas praise Rama; Vishvamitra bestows the magical weapons on Rama; Fourth row: Four servants listen to Janaka’s command; Nine servants carry Shiva’s bow in the assembly hall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar), Vasishtha and other sages officiate at the putrakameshti yajna (ritual to obtain a son); The Yajnapurusha emerges from the flame carrying the bowl of payasa; Dasharatha divides the payasa among the queens; The pregnant queens and their attendants; Second row: The princes are trained in the martial arts; Third row: After killing Tataka Vishvamitra bestows upon Rama the magical weapons and teaches him how to use them; Fourth row: Janaka’s servants carry Shiva’s bow in the assembly hall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar), Vasishtha and other sages officiate at the putrakameshti yajna (ritual to obtain a son); The Yajnapurusha emerges from the flame carrying the bowl of payasa; Dasharatha divides the payasa among the queens; The pregnant queens and their attendants; Second row: The princes are trained in the martial arts; Third row: After killing Tataka Vishvamitra bestows upon Rama the magical weapons and teaches him how to use them; Fourth row: Janaka’s servants carry Shiva’s bow in the assembly hall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: The midwife informs the king that the queens have given birth and she is rewarded; King Dasharatha bestows gifts on the Brahmins; The four babies are given a bath; Second row; Rama aims mud pellets at Kuni (Manthara); The four princes and their mothers; An usher announces the arrival of Vishvamitra; Vasishtha, Dasharatha and Sumantra welcome him; Third row: The princes perform their ablutions and then proceed to guard the ascetics’ yajna from the onslaught of Subahu and Maricha; Subahu is killed, Maricha propelled by an arrow into the sea; Vishvamitra and the sages praise the princes; Rama and Lakshmana sleep under the watchful gaze of Vishvamitra; Fourth row: Shiva’s bow lies at Rama’s feet while he pays homage to Janaka and his entourage; Rama breaks the bow into three pieces before the assembled court and the princes invited to the svayamvara (bride’s own choice of a husband) are dismayed at being defeated.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
Date: mid-19th century
Description: Top row: Dasharatha’s party crosses the river, sets camp and is met by Janaka’s welcoming party; Second row: The wedding of the four Ikshvaku princes with the Mithila princesses; Third row: Rama and Sita, Lakshmana and Urmila are given a ceremonial bath.
Location: Tamil Nadu Palace;Bodinayakkanur
Positioning: Lakshmi Vilasam
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