Alagar Koyil, Kallalagar Temple
Historical background
Situated in the picturesque and densely wooded Alagar Hills, some twenty km to the north-east of Madurai, this temple is dedicated to a form of Vishnu known as Kallalagar (i.e. ‘Beautiful Lord of the Kallars’). Kallalagar is believed to be the brother of the tutelary goddess of Madurai, Minakshi (‘The Fish-eyed One’). He plays an important role in the marriage festival of Minakshi and Sundareshvara (i.e.‘Beautiful Bridegroom’) –a form of Shiva – that takes place at Madurai in April-May every year. This temple, one of the 108 Vaishnava sacred sites, is probably a 12th cent. Pandya foundation but was substantially enlarged and refurbished under Tirumala Nayaka of Madurai (r.1623-1659).
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In the southwest corner of the outer courtyard of the temple, is the Vasanta mandapa (Spring mandapa) in which are 18th cent. murals illustrating the Ramayana. The building is open during the ten-days of the Vasantotsava (Spring festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May-June). For the rest of the year the mandapa is used as a store and kept locked. In its interior is a square island surrounded by a deep trench on which is a central pavilion whose roof is supported by four columns. Two further rows of columns skirt the island and the wall of the building. The central pavilion is accessible through small bridges on the east and the west. During the Vasantotsava the metal images of the deity and his consorts are taken each evening for three hours to this mandapa, the trench surrounding the central pavilion is filled with water and the whole structure decorated with flowers.
The paintings are laid out on the ceiling of the central pavilion, of the east corridor and on the upper parts of the walls. The scenes are arranged in narrow strips, with Tamil labels written on black background. There has been a progressive decay in the state of the murals since my first visit there in 1988-89. Water infiltrations have damaged a substantial part of the ceiling of both the central pavilion and east corridor, and spatter of whitewash have defaced some of the scenes on the walls. The paintings adorning the ceiling of the central pavilion depict the events narrated in the Balakanda, beginning with the sacrifice of Dasharatha and the birth of Rama and his three brothers, to the exploits of the youthful Rama culminating in the breaking of Shiva’s bow. The large panel in the middle shows Kallalagar with consorts and attendant deities, as seen in the sanctum of the temple. The rest of the narrative, some sections of which have disappeared, is laid out on the walls of the mandapa and on the ceiling of the east corridor where it ends abruptly with the meeting of Ravana and Kumbhakarna.

Date: 17th-18th century
Description: Central pavilion and trench, from north east
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;KallalagarTemple;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa

Date: 18th century
Description: Ramayana murals on the mandapa’s east wall and on the ceiling of the north corridor.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east corridor

Date: 18th century
Description: Ramayana murals on the mandapa’s north and east walls and on the ceiling of the east corridor.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east corridor,ceiling and north east corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Ramayana murals on the mandapa’s south and west walls.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south and west walls

Date: 18th century
Description: Fragments of Ramayana murals on the mandapa’s west wall.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; west wall

Date: 18th century
Description: Ramayana murals on the mandapa’s north and east walls.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; north and east walls

Date: 18th century
Description: Central pavilion and trench, view from the north west.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion

Date: 18th century
Description: View of the mandapa from west, central pavilion and east door.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; view from west

Date: 18th century
Description: View of the mandapa from east, central pavilion and west door.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; view from east

Date: 18th century
Description: Alagar with Sridevi on his right, Kalyana Sundaravalli Nacchiyar, on his left, and other deities (as seen in the main sanctuary); In the upper corners: gandharvis throw flower petals on them; In the foreground ritual implements.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; ceiling of the central pavilion

Date: 18th century
Description: Alagar with Sridevi on his right, Kalyana Sundaravalli Nacchiyar, on his left and other deities (as seen in the main sanctuary); In the upper corners gandharvis throw flower petals on them; In the foreground ritual implements.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; ceiling of the central pavilion

Date: 18th century
Description: Alagar with Sridevi on his right, Kalyana Sundaravalli Nacchiyar on his left, and other deities (as seen in the main sanctuary); In the upper corners gandharvis throw flower petals on them; In the foreground ritual implements.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; ceiling of the central pavilion

Date: 18th century
Description: Vishnu Sheshashayana floats on the Milky Ocean with Sridevi and Bhudevi at his feet; Brahma sits on the lotus sprouting from the god’s navel; Gandharvas and kinnaras floating on clouds sing and make music; At the bottom (left) are the dikpalas; Gods and Narada and Tumburu (right).
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, central pavilion, ceiling, north east corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row: The gods request Vishnu to descend to earth. Bottom row (from right to left): Narada discovers Valmiki in an anthill; Vasishtha narrates to king Dasharatha the story of the sage Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar). A messenger is despatched to fetch Rishyashringa.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallagar temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): The messenger arrives at the
court of Romapada king of Anga to fetch Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar). Bottom row (from right): They arrive at the gate of Ayodhya; King Dasharatha and Vasishtha welcome the sage. Rishyashringa converses with the king and his entourage.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): On the banks of the river Sarayu, Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) performs the putrakameshti yajna (ritual to ensure the birth of a son). Agni emerges from the fire carrying the vessel containing the payasa on his head. Bottom row (from right): The god entrusts the vessel to Rishyashringa, who then passes it on to Vasishtha, who, in turn, gives it to Dasharatha.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): Dasharatha divides the payasa among his three queens, who eat it in their private quarters. Bottom row: The king, Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar), Vasishtha, the ministers, and the queens in their palanquins return to Ayodhya.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): Back in Ayodhya Dasharatha
consults Rishyashringa (Kalaikottu munivar) and Vasishtha. Dasharatha visits his queens. Bottom row: The three pregnant queens are being fanned by their attendants. Dasharatha talks to a messenger.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row: The three queens are being
fanned by their attendants. Dasharatha talks to a messenger. Bottom row (from right): the messenger takes leave of the king. The three pregnant queens are looked after by their attendants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south east corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row: The three queens, Kausalya, Kaikeyi and Sumitra give birth. Bottom row (from right): The four babies are bathed. An attendant informs a messenger of the birth of the princes.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side
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