Alagar Koyil, Kallalagar Temple
Historical background
Situated in the picturesque and densely wooded Alagar Hills, some twenty km to the north-east of Madurai, this temple is dedicated to a form of Vishnu known as Kallalagar (i.e. ‘Beautiful Lord of the Kallars’). Kallalagar is believed to be the brother of the tutelary goddess of Madurai, Minakshi (‘The Fish-eyed One’). He plays an important role in the marriage festival of Minakshi and Sundareshvara (i.e.‘Beautiful Bridegroom’) –a form of Shiva – that takes place at Madurai in April-May every year. This temple, one of the 108 Vaishnava sacred sites, is probably a 12th cent. Pandya foundation but was substantially enlarged and refurbished under Tirumala Nayaka of Madurai (r.1623-1659).
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In the southwest corner of the outer courtyard of the temple, is the Vasanta mandapa (Spring mandapa) in which are 18th cent. murals illustrating the Ramayana. The building is open during the ten-days of the Vasantotsava (Spring festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May-June). For the rest of the year the mandapa is used as a store and kept locked. In its interior is a square island surrounded by a deep trench on which is a central pavilion whose roof is supported by four columns. Two further rows of columns skirt the island and the wall of the building. The central pavilion is accessible through small bridges on the east and the west. During the Vasantotsava the metal images of the deity and his consorts are taken each evening for three hours to this mandapa, the trench surrounding the central pavilion is filled with water and the whole structure decorated with flowers.
The paintings are laid out on the ceiling of the central pavilion, of the east corridor and on the upper parts of the walls. The scenes are arranged in narrow strips, with Tamil labels written on black background. There has been a progressive decay in the state of the murals since my first visit there in 1988-89. Water infiltrations have damaged a substantial part of the ceiling of both the central pavilion and east corridor, and spatter of whitewash have defaced some of the scenes on the walls. The paintings adorning the ceiling of the central pavilion depict the events narrated in the Balakanda, beginning with the sacrifice of Dasharatha and the birth of Rama and his three brothers, to the exploits of the youthful Rama culminating in the breaking of Shiva’s bow. The large panel in the middle shows Kallalagar with consorts and attendant deities, as seen in the sanctum of the temple. The rest of the narrative, some sections of which have disappeared, is laid out on the walls of the mandapa and on the ceiling of the east corridor where it ends abruptly with the meeting of Ravana and Kumbhakarna.
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th centuryDescription: Central pavilion, detail of the central tableau; Gandharvis floating on a cloud scatter petals on Alagar and consorts. On the left: Kalyanasundaravalli Nacchiyar. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, central tableau](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5790-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century
Description: Central pavilion, detail of the central tableau; Gandharvis floating on a cloud scatter petals on Alagar and consorts. On the left: Kalyanasundaravalli Nacchiyar.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, central tableau
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row (from left): The Ayodhya party are ferried across the river and set out camp on its banks before resuming their journey to Mithila. On the left, the queen and their attendants; at the centre king Dasharatha, Rama, Lakshmana and Vasishtha (?); On the right Bharata, Shatrughna and two ministers. Bottom row (from left); the Ayodhya and the Mithila party discuss the wedding arrangements. Musicians play near a decorated pavilion. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5795-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row (from left): The Ayodhya party are ferried across the river and set out camp on its banks before resuming their journey to Mithila. On the left, the queen and their attendants; at the centre king Dasharatha, Rama, Lakshmana and Vasishtha (?); On the right Bharata, Shatrughna and two ministers. Bottom row (from left); the Ayodhya and the Mithila party discuss the wedding arrangements. Musicians play near a decorated pavilion.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row (from left): The Ayodhya party and the Mithila party meet; Vasishtha and Shatananda embrace one another, so do Dasharatha and Janaka. Bottom row: Attendants dress and adorn Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna; On the right, three attendants dress Sita. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5796-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row (from left): The Ayodhya party and the Mithila party meet; Vasishtha and Shatananda embrace one another, so do Dasharatha and Janaka. Bottom row: Attendants dress and adorn Rama, Bharata, Lakshmana and Shatrughna; On the right, three attendants dress Sita.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row (from left): King Janaka's elephants and retainers; Rama and Lakshmana welcome the queens, their brothers and bow before king Dasharatha and the sage Vasishtha. The last scene is damaged. Bottom row (from left): The three princesses are dressed and adorned for their wedding; On the right: three dignitaries approach the rulers (?). Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5797-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row (from left): King Janaka’s elephants and retainers; Rama and Lakshmana welcome the queens, their brothers and bow before king Dasharatha and the sage Vasishtha. The last scene is damaged. Bottom row (from left): The three princesses are dressed and adorned for their wedding; On the right: three dignitaries approach the rulers (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, north of the door
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: The weddings of Rama and Sita and of Bharata and Mandavi; Bottom row: Obliterated by whitewash. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, south of the door](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5798-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: The weddings of Rama and Sita and of Bharata and Mandavi; Bottom row: Obliterated by whitewash.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, south of the door
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: The weddings of Lakshmana and Urmila and of Shatrughna and Shrutakirti. The bottom row and the rest of the east wall have disappeared. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, south of the door](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5799-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: The weddings of Lakshmana and Urmila and of Shatrughna and Shrutakirti. The bottom row and the rest of the east wall have disappeared.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; east wall, south of the door
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: King Dasharatha, Vasishtha and Sumantra in council; A carpenter decorates the tower of a building with flags; The royal insignias, an elephant and a horse are readied for Rama's consecration; Kuni (Manthara) sees all these activities from a terrace. Bottom row:
The citizens of Ayodhya accompany the
exiles until the river. Sumantra drives them to the forest, where they take leave of him. They don the garb of the ascetics. To the right: two forest-dwellers (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5800-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: King Dasharatha, Vasishtha and Sumantra in council; A carpenter decorates the tower of a building with flags; The royal insignias, an elephant and a horse are readied for Rama’s consecration; Kuni (Manthara) sees all these activities from a terrace. Bottom row:
The citizens of Ayodhya accompany the
exiles until the river. Sumantra drives them to the forest, where they take leave of him. They don the garb of the ascetics. To the right: two forest-dwellers (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: Kuni (Manthara) informs Kaikeyi of the preparations for Rama's consecration. She is rewarded with a necklace. The queen retires to the 'sulking room', discards her ornaments, lies down disconsolate; The concerned Dasaratha visits her. On hearing that she wants her son, Bharata, to be consecrated king instead of Rama, Dasharatha faints; Kaikeyi and Kuni try to revive him. Bottom row: Sumantra returns to Ayodhya carrying in the chariot the crowns of Rama and Lakshmana. In the forest, Guha approaches Lakshmana; On the next day he ferries the exiles across the Ganga. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5801-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: Kuni (Manthara) informs Kaikeyi of the preparations for Rama’s consecration. She is rewarded with a necklace. The queen retires to the ‘sulking room’, discards her ornaments, lies down disconsolate; The concerned Dasaratha visits her. On hearing that she wants her son, Bharata, to be consecrated king instead of Rama, Dasharatha faints; Kaikeyi and Kuni try to revive him. Bottom row: Sumantra returns to Ayodhya carrying in the chariot the crowns of Rama and Lakshmana. In the forest, Guha approaches Lakshmana; On the next day he ferries the exiles across the Ganga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: Vasishtha sends Sumantra to fetch Rama; Both arrive at the presence of Dasharatha and the three queens. Bottom row: After crossing the Ganges on Guha's boat, the exiles arrive at Bharadvaja's hermitage and from there, having crossed another river, they proceed to Mount Chitrakuta. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5802-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: Vasishtha sends Sumantra to fetch Rama; Both arrive at the presence of Dasharatha and the three queens. Bottom row: After crossing the Ganges on Guha’s boat, the exiles arrive at Bharadvaja’s hermitage and from there, having crossed another river, they proceed to Mount Chitrakuta.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: Rama greets Dasharatha and the queens; Kaikeyi tells him that her son, Bharata, will be king and that he will be banished for fourteen years. Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra. Bottom row: Rama and Lakshmana push across a river a raft on which Sita is seated; They arrive at an hermitage. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5803-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: Rama greets Dasharatha and the queens; Kaikeyi tells him that her son, Bharata, will be king and that he will be banished for fourteen years. Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra. Bottom row: Rama and Lakshmana push across a river a raft on which Sita is seated; They arrive at an hermitage.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: Rama greets Dasharatha and the queens; Kaikeyi tells him that her son, Bharata, will be king and that he will be banished for fourteen years. Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra. Bottom row: Rama and Lakshmana push across a river a raft on which Sita is seated; They arrive at a hermitage. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5804-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: Rama greets Dasharatha and the queens; Kaikeyi tells him that her son, Bharata, will be king and that he will be banished for fourteen years. Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra. Bottom row: Rama and Lakshmana push across a river a raft on which Sita is seated; They arrive at a hermitage.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of queen Kaikeyi; Before leaving Ayodhya they gift their riches and cattle to the Brahmins. Bottom row: The exiles meet the sages in the forest. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5805-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of queen Kaikeyi; Before leaving Ayodhya they gift their riches and cattle to the Brahmins. Bottom row: The exiles meet the sages in the forest.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of queen Kaikeyi; Before leaving Ayodhya they gift their riches and cattle to the Brahmins. Bottom row: The exiles meet the sages living in the forest; After having left the exiles on the edge of the forest, Sumantra returns to Ayodhya and meets Dasharatha; The grief-stricken king is about to die in the arms of his queens. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5806-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of queen Kaikeyi; Before leaving Ayodhya they gift their riches and cattle to the Brahmins. Bottom row: The exiles meet the sages living in the forest; After having left the exiles on the edge of the forest, Sumantra returns to Ayodhya and meets Dasharatha; The grief-stricken king is about to die in the arms of his queens.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: The distressed Dasharatha watches as Kaikeyi takes command of the situation and talks to Vasishtha and Sumantra; Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya. Bottom row: On hearing Sumantra's report, the grief stricken Dasharatha collapses and dies in the arms of his queens. They weep and wail, mourning their loss. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5807-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: The distressed Dasharatha watches as Kaikeyi takes command of the situation and talks to Vasishtha and Sumantra; Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya. Bottom row: On hearing Sumantra’s report, the grief stricken Dasharatha collapses and dies in the arms of his queens. They weep and wail, mourning their loss.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya; The three exiles take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra; King Dasharatha in a palanquin follows the chariot conveying them to the forest. Bottom row: Dasharatha’s body lies in state mourned by the queens, Vasishtha and Sumantra. The body is then placed in a vat of gingelly oil. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, south wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5808-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Kausalya; The three exiles take leave of Kausalya and Sumitra; King Dasharatha in a palanquin follows the chariot conveying them to the forest. Bottom row: Dasharatha’s body lies in state mourned by the queens, Vasishtha and Sumantra. The body is then placed in a vat of gingelly oil.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, south wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: King Dasharatha in a palanquin follows the exiles' chariot. Bottom row: Dasharatha's body is placed in a vat of gingelly oil; Vasishtha entrusts a letter for Bharata to a messenger. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south west corner](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5809-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: King Dasharatha in a palanquin follows the exiles’ chariot. Bottom row: Dasharatha’s body is placed in a vat of gingelly oil; Vasishtha entrusts a letter for Bharata to a messenger.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; south west corner
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: Two messengers on their way to king Kekaya's country; One of them hands Vasishtha's letter to the king at the presence of his court priest, Bharata and Shatrughna. Bottom row: Bharata and Shatrughna, back in Ayodhya, partecipate in the preparations for Dasharatha's cremation. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, south west corner](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5810-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: Two messengers on their way to king Kekaya’s country; One of them hands Vasishtha’s letter to the king at the presence of his court priest, Bharata and Shatrughna. Bottom row: Bharata and Shatrughna, back in Ayodhya, partecipate in the preparations for Dasharatha’s cremation.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, south west corner
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by splashes of whitewashDescription: Top row: Partly illegible because of the whitewash splashes; Bharata and Shatrughna ride back to Ayodhya. Their wives follow in palanaquins. Bottom row: Preparations for Dasharatha's funeral; Vasishtha places the bow on the body of the king; Funeral procession; Bharata sets the pyre ablaze. From this point a substantial part of the lower register has disappeared. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5811-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by splashes of whitewash
Description: Top row: Partly illegible because of the whitewash splashes; Bharata and Shatrughna ride back to Ayodhya. Their wives follow in palanaquins. Bottom row: Preparations for Dasharatha’s funeral; Vasishtha places the bow on the body of the king; Funeral procession; Bharata sets the pyre ablaze. From this point a substantial part of the lower register has disappeared.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewashDescription: Bharata, Shatrughna and their wives are welcomed on their return to Ayodhya. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5812-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, damaged by splashes of whitewash
Description: Bharata, Shatrughna and their wives are welcomed on their return to Ayodhya.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall
![Title: Kallalagar Temple complex; Vasanta mandapa; Alagar Koyil Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewashDescription: Queen Kaikeyi argues with Bharata at the presence of Shatrughna and, in order to drive her point home, she slaps him. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_5813-150x99.jpg)
Date: 18th century, partly obliterated by whitewash
Description: Queen Kaikeyi argues with Bharata at the presence of Shatrughna and, in order to drive her point home, she slaps him.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa, west wall
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