Alagar Koyil, Kallalagar Temple
Historical background
Situated in the picturesque and densely wooded Alagar Hills, some twenty km to the north-east of Madurai, this temple is dedicated to a form of Vishnu known as Kallalagar (i.e. ‘Beautiful Lord of the Kallars’). Kallalagar is believed to be the brother of the tutelary goddess of Madurai, Minakshi (‘The Fish-eyed One’). He plays an important role in the marriage festival of Minakshi and Sundareshvara (i.e.‘Beautiful Bridegroom’) –a form of Shiva – that takes place at Madurai in April-May every year. This temple, one of the 108 Vaishnava sacred sites, is probably a 12th cent. Pandya foundation but was substantially enlarged and refurbished under Tirumala Nayaka of Madurai (r.1623-1659).
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In the southwest corner of the outer courtyard of the temple, is the Vasanta mandapa (Spring mandapa) in which are 18th cent. murals illustrating the Ramayana. The building is open during the ten-days of the Vasantotsava (Spring festival) in the month of Vaikasi (May-June). For the rest of the year the mandapa is used as a store and kept locked. In its interior is a square island surrounded by a deep trench on which is a central pavilion whose roof is supported by four columns. Two further rows of columns skirt the island and the wall of the building. The central pavilion is accessible through small bridges on the east and the west. During the Vasantotsava the metal images of the deity and his consorts are taken each evening for three hours to this mandapa, the trench surrounding the central pavilion is filled with water and the whole structure decorated with flowers.
The paintings are laid out on the ceiling of the central pavilion, of the east corridor and on the upper parts of the walls. The scenes are arranged in narrow strips, with Tamil labels written on black background. There has been a progressive decay in the state of the murals since my first visit there in 1988-89. Water infiltrations have damaged a substantial part of the ceiling of both the central pavilion and east corridor, and spatter of whitewash have defaced some of the scenes on the walls. The paintings adorning the ceiling of the central pavilion depict the events narrated in the Balakanda, beginning with the sacrifice of Dasharatha and the birth of Rama and his three brothers, to the exploits of the youthful Rama culminating in the breaking of Shiva’s bow. The large panel in the middle shows Kallalagar with consorts and attendant deities, as seen in the sanctum of the temple. The rest of the narrative, some sections of which have disappeared, is laid out on the walls of the mandapa and on the ceiling of the east corridor where it ends abruptly with the meeting of Ravana and Kumbhakarna.

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): The messenger informs Dasharatha of the of the birth of his sons. The king, after performing the necessary rituals, bathing and shaving, meets his sons. Bottom row (from right): He then distributes food to the Brahmins; Vasishtha performs the namakarana (naming ceremony).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): The nurses carry the babies;
The babies in their cradles. Bottom row (from right) : The nurses attend to the babies; Three princes, Rama, Lakshmana and Shatrughna learn to walk accompanied by their nurses.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): Bharata learns to walk; Vasisthta teaches the princes reading, writing, wrestling. Central row: He teaches them horse and elephant riding. Bottom row (from right): He trains them in archery. Dasharatha feeds the Brahmins. The four princes on the lap of their father and mothers sit opposite Vasishtha performing a ritual.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): The princes practise archery under the eyes of Vasishtha. Rama hits Kuni (Manthara) with a mud pellet. Vishvamitra on the way to Ayodhya. Bottom row (from left): Dasharatha prostrates before the sage; Vishvamitra requests the king to entrust Rama and Lakshmana to his care; Dasharatha is devastated; Vishvamitra, Rama and Lakshmana take leave of the king.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row: (from left): Dasharatha prostrates before the sage; Vishvamitra requests the king to entrust Rama and Lakshmana to his care; Dasharatha is devastated; Vishvamitra, Rama and Lakshmana take leave of Dasharatha. Bottom row (from left): The king, the queens and the minister, Sumantra, accompany them until the river Sarayu. The princes and the sage spend their first night in the forest.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left) : Vishvamitra and the princes in the forest visit renowned ascetics. Bottom row (from right): They cross the river and confront the rakshasi Tataka.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south west corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): Vishvamitra encourages Rama
to kill Tataka When she falls to the ground the sage and the gods rejoice; The gandharvas let showers of flower petals fall from the sky; The sage teaches Rama a powerful mantra; Bottom row (from right): Magical weapons materialize in the sky. Rama and Lakshmana listen to the discourses of Vishvamitra and another sage. They perform their ablutions and breathing exercises before resuming their journey.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, west side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from left): The sages prepare to
celebrate a yajna. The princes weave a canopy of arrows to protect it from being polluted by the rakshasas. They kill Subahu, and Maricha hit by an arrow is propelled into the ocean. Bottom row (from right): Vishvamitra praises the youths and after having rested, they resume their way towards Mithila.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, west side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): Vishvamitra praises the princes for having routed the rakshasas; After having rested, they resume their way towards Mithila. Central row (from left): They cross the river Sone and enter the kingdom of Sumati (?), where the king pays homage to Vishvamitra. After a brief stay there, they resume their journey. Bottom row (from right): Rama frees Ahalya from her curse, and restores her to her husband, the sage Gautama; Vishvamitra and his charges reach Mithila where they are welcomed at the court of King Janaka.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, northwest corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): On entering the town Rama, accompanied by Lakshmana, Vishvamitra, Janaka and his court priest, Shatananda, sees Sita at the window of her palace. Bottom row (from left): Janaka and his guests at court; The king orders his servants to carry Shiva’s bow into the hall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): Rama strings Shiva’s bow and it breaks. Sita’s suitors are disappointed; Janaka speaks to Vishvamitra and his charges. Bottom (from left): King Janaka sends a letter of invitation to Dasharatha. The messenger on his way to Ayodhya.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): The messenger on his way to
Ayodhya crosses the Sarayu and arrives at the court of Dasharatha. The rest has disappeared. Bottom row (from left): Janaka’s letter is given to Dasharatha.The king speaks to the messenger first in private and then at the presence of his sons, Sumantra and Vasishtha.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right): King Dasharatha entrusts to the messenger his reply to King Janaka; the messenger returns to Mithila (unclear). Bottom row (from left); The Ayodhya royal party passes through the gate of the town. The king and the three queens travel in palanquins, the princes Bharata, Shatrughna and the sage Vasishtha in chariots, surrounded by a posse of retainers. The minister Sumantra follows the royal procession on horse.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north side

Date: 18th century
Description: Top row (from right); The travellers rest in the royal camp; Bottom row (from left); The royal party resume its journey and is welcomed by an envoy sent by Janaka. A boat is ready to ferry the guests across the river.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalgar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north east corner

Date: 18th century
Description: Sequence of scenes from the arrival of Vishvamitra and his charges in Mithila to the departure of Dasharatha, his sons and queens from Ayodhya to attend the weddings in Mithila.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, north side

Date: 18th century
Description: Sequence of scenes; from the gods beseeching Vishnu to descend to earth to the pregnancy of Dasharatha’s three queens.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion,east side

Date: 18th century
Description: Sequence of scene from the birth of the four Ikshvaku princes to the arrival of the sage Vishvamitra at the court of Dasharatha and his departure accompanied by Rama and Lakshmana.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, south side

Date: 18th century
Description: Sequence of scene from the departure from Ayodyha of Vishvamitra and the two princes, to their arrival at the court of Janaka in Mithila.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, west side

Date: 18th century
Description: Alagar with Sridevi on his right, Kalyana Sundaravalli Nacchiyar on his left, and other deities (as seen in the main sanctuary); In the upper corners gandharvis throw flower petals on them; In the foreground ritual implements.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, central tableau

Date: 18th century
Description: Central pavilion, detail of the central tableau; Gandharvis floating on a cloud scatter petals on Alagar and consorts. On the right, Sridevi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Kallalagar Temple complex;Alagar Koyil
Positioning: Vasanta mandapa; central pavilion, ceiling, central tableau
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