Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Sambandar before the king Kun Pandya, the queen and the Jains (TP 62).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudut
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Preceded by three devotees, Sambandar is carried to Madurai in a palanquin (TP 62). Behind the palanquin are two musicians, playing a horn and a kombu.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Hamsa frieze and pearl festoons immediately beneath the ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Preceded by three devotees, Sambandar is carried to Madurai in a palanquin. On the extreme left, Sambandar before the King (TP 62).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king, Kun Pandya, his officers, his bodyguard and his spittoon bearer on the extreme left watch Sambandar performing a miracle (TP 63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Sambandar is carried to Madurai in a palanquin and sits before the king , Kun Pandya (TP 62). Second row: Sambandar throws a leaf with Shaiva scriptures in the fire before the Jains and the leaf remains unscathed, while the one with the scriptures of the Jains is devoured by the flames (TP 63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Kun Pandya, accompanied by a brahmin and a bodyguard looks at the unscated leaf with Shaiva scriptures retrieved from the flames (TP 63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Sambandar and the Jains throw manuscript leaves in the Vaigai river, and while those of the Jains are carried away by the current, Sambandar’s flow upstream (TP 63).To the extreme right the minister holds Sambandar’s book above his head and places it before a linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The story of Sambandar from his arrival in Madurai to the contests with the Jains (TP 62,63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Sambandar receives the letter of the queen inviting him to Madurai to rescue the kingdom from the influence of the Jains. The Jains request Agni to burn Sambandar’s hermitage. He refuses, and becomes the fever that plagues the king Kun Pandya (TP 62).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The Jains refuse to concede defeat and talk to two dignitaries. Sambandar is invited to a a new contest: the scriptures of the respective faiths are to be thrown in the Vaigai river (TP 63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Once the contest is over, and the Jains have lost, officers supervise their impalment (TP 63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The story of Sambandar.Top row: Agni refuses to burn the hermitage where the saint lives; Second row: the Jains refuse to concede defeat; Third row: the impalement of the Jains (TP 62,63).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Fiirst tier, north wall: Floral pattern.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: First tier, north wall: Textile pattern. View of the coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: North chamber, view of the coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, north chamber, ceiling

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Devotees watch an elephant placing a garland on the linga at Tiruvanaikkaval (Sri Jambukesvara). On the right, a coutly figure.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Devotees watch an elephant placing a garland on the linga at Tiruvanaikkaval (Sri Jambukesvara); Bottom: Devotees at worship at the Sri Ranganatha Temple, Srirangam Island.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Linga puja in an unidentified temple. According to Dr R. Kannan and Dr Balasubrahmanian, “Tiruppudaimarudur Murals and Wood Carvings”, Chennai, 2014, p. 116, this temple is identified as Sri Jambukeshvara on the basis of the sacred jambu tree prominently shown here.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Devotees watch an elephant placing a garland on the linga at Tiruvanaikkaval (Sri Jambukesvara); Second row: Devotees at worship at the Sri Ranganatha Temple, Srirangam Island. Third row: Linga puja in an unidentified temple. According to Dr R. Kannan and Dr Balasubrahmanian, “Tiruppudaimarudur Murals and Wood Carvings”, Chennai, 2014, p. 116, this temple is identified as Sri Jambukeshvara on the basis of the sacred jambu tree prominently shown here.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, north chamber, east wall
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