Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A drummer and dancer performing in a mandapa while a priest performs arati at the Nellaiyappar temple, Tirunelveli. On the left, near the entrance gopura the seven ‘musical’ pillars are prominently shown.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A priest performing arati before the goddess Kantimathi Ambal in the Nellaiyappar temple complex. On the right, the bamboo grove, where, according to the legend, Agastya maharishi found and worshipped the linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A group of devotees at the Kutralanatha temple, Kutralam. The jack fruit trees prominently shown here are the sacred trees of this temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: A group of devotees at worship in at the Kutralanatha temple. Bottom: Visitors at the Minakshi Sundareshvara Temple, Madurai, and devotees and priest performing arati (waving the lit lamps clockwise) before the image of the goddess Minakshi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Priests performing arati (waving the lit lamps clockwise) before the goddess Kuzhavai Mozhiammai at the Kutralanatha Temple, Kutralam. On the right, six lingas on a hill and the waterfall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A priest performs arati before the image of the goddess Minakshi; On the right, musicians.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: The Nellaiyappar and Kantimathi Ambal temple, Tirunelveli; Second row; The Kutralanathar temple, Kutralam; Third row; The Minakshi Sundareshvara temple, Madurai.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: The Nellaiyappar and Kantimathi Ambal temple, Tirunelveli; Second row; The Kutralanathar temple, Kutralam; Third row; The Minakshi Sundareshvara temple, Madurai.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The battle of Lanka; Running Hanuman carries Rama on his hands to the battlefield.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, north west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Lakshmana; Bottom: Rakshasas.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, north west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Ravana (left) and Kumbhakarna (?) or Indrajit (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Kumbhakarna (?) or Indrajit (?) mounted on his chariot.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Ravana on his chariot (facing Rama, on the opposite wall).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left: Shiva Dakshinamurti and on the right, ascetics.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva Dakshinamurti; at his feet are the four Kumaras: Sanaka (Ancient), Sanatana (Eternal), Sanandana (Joyful) and Sanatkumara (Ever Young).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, north east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva Dakshinamurti, detail.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, north east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Ascetics listening to Dakshinamurti’s discourse (on the right of the Dakshinamurti tableau).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Ascetics debating (on the right of the Dakshinamurti tableau).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, northeast corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Ascetics listening to Dakshinamurti’s discourse; Bottom: Ascetics debating (on the right of the Dakshinamurti tableau).
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, north east corner, second and third rows

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Priests performing arati before a linga at the accompaniment of music and dance. On the extreme right, a standing courtly figure.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, south east corner
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