Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Devotees at worship in a Shiva temple in a wooded landscape. On the left, the Goddess’ shrine.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Vamana places his foot on the palms of King Mahabali. Behind the king is an attendant bearing a fly-whisk.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Lower border of the wall: frieze depicting fabulous beasts.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, southeast corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: From top to bottom: Puja scenes at Shiva and Amman temples; King Mahabali holds Vamana’s foot; Border displaying fabulous beasts.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, transept, southeast corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Vishnu as Trivikrama bestows his grace upon King Mahabali.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, transept, south east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: General view; On the left Shaiva pilgrimage places; On the right, the story of Arjuna and of Shiva as Kirata (hunter).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row (left): Worship in a Shiva temple; (right): Arjuna takes leave of his brothers. Second row (left): Worship in a Shiva temple; (right): Arjuna in the forest.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row (left); Worship in a Shiva temple; (right); Arjuna in the forest; Bottom row (left): Worship of a goddess; (right): Arjuna performs penance; The wounded boar; Shiva as Kirata appears along with Parvati as Kirati bearing a child on her hip; Arjuna fights against the Kirata.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, east wall, south chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Vedapurishvara temple at Tiruvottur, now known as Ceyyar (Tiruvannamalai district). According to the legend, it is here that Sambandar by his miraculous powers transformed male palm trees into a female palm trees.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Worship at the Vedapurishvara temple at Tiruvottur, now known as Ceyyar (Tiruvannamalai district). According to the legend it is here that Sambandar by his miraculous powers transformed male palm trees into female palm trees.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Arjuna takes leave of his brothers before his journey.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Arjuna proceeds through the forest.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Worship at a Shiva temple with musicians and a dancing girl.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Worship in a Shiva temple: priests performing arati before a mukhalinga. A mridanga player provides the musical accompaniment to the ritual.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Worship in a Shiva temple: priests performing arati before a mukhalinga. On the right, mridanga player plays at the entrance of the goddess shrine.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Priest performing arati before the image of Devi. The ritual is accompanied by music and dance.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Arjuna in the forest performs penance, near him is the wounded boar; Shiva and Parvati appear as Kiratas (hunters); Parvati bears a child on her hip; Arjuna fights with the Kirata.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Draupadi. This panel is to be read along with the one depicting Arjuna taking leave of his brothers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, south east wall

Description: Arjuna receives the pashupata astra (a magical weapon) from Shiva and Parvati.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, south east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Arjuna fights with the Kirata (hunter). This is the continuation of the fighting scene on the east wall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, south east wall
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