Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top panel: Draupadi ; Central panel: Shiva and Parvati riding on Nandi bestow the pashupata astra (a magical weapon) upon Arjuna; Bottom panel; Arjuna fights with the Kirata (hunter).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, S wall, east of the stairs l

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Six panels depicting ascetics engaged in various activities.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Muslim horseman brandishing a sword.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Muslim horseman with a fly whisk.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Muslim horseman brandishing a sword.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: South wall, panels west of the stairs: Three panels depicting Muslim horsemen.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura first tier, south chamber, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: General view of the west wall of the south chamber on the first tier of the gopura, depicting the story of Manikkavachakar (TP 59).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A seated king, perhaps Varagunavarman II (aka Arimarttana Pandya) of Madurai, and behind him, a brahmin, and retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Guards and royal retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall, top row

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king, perhaps Varagunavarman II (aka Arimarttana Pandya) granting audience to Manikkavachakar; Behind the king are a brahmin and retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar, his sword-bearer, and two brahmins (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king, perhaps Varagunavarman II (aka Arimarttana Pandya), granting audience to Manikkavachakr, accompanied by a sword-bearer. On the left, royal retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king, perhaps Varagunavarman II (aka Arimarttana Pandya) gives a neacklace to Manikkavachakar. A brahmin stands behind the king, and two men, the first with a sword and the second with a palm-leaf manuscript are shown behind the dignitary. (TP 59)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar, followed by a parasol-bearer watches his servants carrying boxes. On the extreme left, barely visible, a shrine.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar, preceded by a band, travels in a palanquin to a shrine and prostrates before the Shiva linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar, preceded by a band, travels in a palanquin to a shrine and prostrates before the Shiva linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A dignitary accompanied by his retinue, receives Manikkavachakar carried in a palanquin. On the right, coolies carry luggage.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar, accompanied by his retainer, stands before a linga shrine and receives some prasada (blessed offering) from a brahmin.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: After visiting the Shiva temple, Manikkavachakar in a palanquin, and his retinue resume the journey.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Manikkavachakar and his retainer pay homage to a guru and his disciples.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall
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