Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala (?) receives three dignitaries. To the extreme left, a scribe.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the right: Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala’s (?) retinue: a scribe; a fly whisk bearer and a foot stool bearer; On the left: A nobleman carried in a palanquin accompanied by three archers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala (?) carried in a palanquin preceded by standard bearers and followed by his troops.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A commander, a military band, standard bearers and infantry open the march of the victorious army.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Troops on elephant and infantry on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Infantry and cavalry headed by a commander, on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Cavalry on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Cavarly on parade. The person weating a tall cap, may possibly be Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala riding at the head of the troops.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala (?), riding at the head of his army, preceded by foot soldiers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Military band marching at the head of the army.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Elephant corps and foot soldiers marching.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Elephant corps marching.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Cavalry on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Commanders riding on horses.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Cavalry on parade.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: A ruler, possibly Udaya Martanda Varma of Tiruvadi (Venad), flanked by his retainers discusses with three Vijayanagara commanders; Second and third rows: The cavalry, the infantry and troops on elephants on the battlefield.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: King Udaya Martanda Varma of Tiruvadi (Venad)(?). On the left are a soldier, an officer bearing a sword, and a small figure, possibly the betel-leaf bearer; On the right, a scribe and a tall figure wearing the typical Vijayanagara headgear, the kulayi.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: The war between the Vijayanagara army and the forces of Tiruvadi (Venad) and their allies; Bottom row: Battle scene involving troops on elephants and cavalry.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Two horsemen in single combat.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row; The war between the Vijayanagara army and the forces of Tiruvadi (Venad) and their allies; Bottom row: Marching army.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall
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