Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Battle scenes; Vijayanagara commanders on horses in single combat and infantry in action.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Five Vijayanagara commanders receiving prasada (here a flower garland) from a pujari at the Narumpunatha temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north east wall, third row

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: A Vijayanagara dignitary, accompanied by his retinue, riding on an elephant; Second row: A Vijayanagara dignitary, accompanied by his retinue, riding on a horse; Third row: A Vijayanagara dignitary, flanked by two advisers giving instructions to a minister.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A ruler, possibly Achyuta Raya, his retinue and two dignitaries.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A ruler and two ministers in council. On the left an attendant wearing a knobbed turban. In the foreground, two diminutive fly whisk bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple: Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Achyuta Raya (?) bestows the scarf of honour upon a Pandya dignitary.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Disappeared; Second row: Dignitary on elephant; Third row: A dignitary (?) in a palanquin. In the foreground a ram (?) walks near the conveyance.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A dignitary in a palanquin; In the foreground a ram (?) walks near the conveyance.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, south chamber, east wall, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A dignitary on horse preceded by a guard and insignia bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A parasol-bearer (follows the dignitary on horse in the previous slide); Three men wearing a knob turban, and a gatekeeper.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;NarumpunathaTemple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Three dignitaries, a scribe carrying an ola (palm leaf), and a person kneeling at the feet of Achyuta Raya(?). On the right, the seated figure has been identified as Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Achyuta Raya (?), Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala (?), a commander, and their attendants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A group of retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south-east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Achyuta Raya (?) in a palanquin preceded by a guard of honour consisting of archers and swordsmen.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left: Achyuta Raya (?) in a palanquin, and followers carrying pikes; On the right: two turbaned men standing before a building.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Achyuta Raya (?) granting audience to a man, at the presence of three dignitaries.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Achyuta Raya (?) granting audience to a man. Behind the ruler, a group of five retainers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Royal retainers and a guards.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south-east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A commander on horse preceded by an umbrella-bearer and by a military band.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall
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