Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Marching army; Bottom row: The war between the Vijayanagara army and the forces of Tiruvadi (Venad) and their allies.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The ruler’s retainers: A group of foot soldiers armed with bows and arrows, swords and shields.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The ruler’s retainers (from left): Two guards, a fly whisk bearer, a water bearer, a spittoon bearer, and yet another guard.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Battle scene: Horseman on a rearing horse while another is falling from his horse; On the ground soldier armed with a spear.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Battle scene; On the left: A warrior hit from his enemy falls from his horse; In the foreground, infantrymen armed with spears fighting.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Infantrymen armed with bow, arrows, swords and shields in action. In the foreground, men with handguns.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A horseman fighting among infantry men. In the foreground: A group of men armed with handguns.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: North chamber: Detail of coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: North chamber: Coffered ceiling and north wall: A stable ship.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: View of the north chamber, from north to south.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Gopura, second tier: General view from the north chamber from north towards south.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, north chamber; General view of the west wall and of the wooden columns.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: General view of the east wall on the gopura’s second tier, and of the wooden columns.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva Nataraja flanked by Shivakami, ganas and rishis; On the right, near the prabhavali kneels Karaikkal Ammaiyar playing the cymbals. On the left: Vyaghrapada and Patanjali in reverent attitude. Further ascetics and ganas making music are shown beneath the main scene.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva Nataraja flanked by Shivakami, ganas and rishis; On the right, near the prabhavali kneels Karaikkal Ammaiyar playing the cymbals. Further ascetics and ganas making music are shown beneath the main scene.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva Nataraja flanked by Shivakami, ganas and rishis; On the right, near the prabhavali kneels Karaikkal Ammaiyar playing the cymbals. On the left Vyaghrapada and Patantjali stand in respectful attitude. Further ascetics and ganas making music are shown beneath the main scene.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Ganesha; Bottom: Nandikeshvara, a rishi, a gana, and a devotee.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Ugra Narasimha; Bottom: Prahlada and Hiranyakashipu pointing to a pillar, from which Narasimha (fragment) emerges.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Narasimha grabs Hiranyakashipu; Bottom: Hiranyakashipu’s followers. On the right; Wooden pillar showing a yali standing on an elephant
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top register: Vijayanagara commanders riding on elephants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept, north east wall
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