Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Dignitaries on horse preceded by retainers and followed by parasol-bearers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Two dignitaries riding on horses; The first is followed by a parasol bearer, the second by an elephant with riders.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A commander on horse and elephant riders followed by soldiers on foot.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Riders on elephant and soldiers.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: South chamber: south wall, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Left: A courtly figure granting audience; Right: Royal retainers (spittoon- and water-bearers). On the wooden plllar: Ganesha
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Left: Men conversing; Right: A man talking to a seated dignitary. On the pillar: dancing figure with a bird’s head (?).
Location: Tami Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top, left: Men conversing; right: A man talking to a seated dignitary. On the pillar, dancing figure with a bird’s head (?). Bottom, left: A man and an elephant; right: A man riding on horse.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Left: Men conversing; Right: A man talking to a seated dignitary. On the pillar, dancing figure with a bird’s head (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Left: A man and elephant; Right: A man riding on a horse.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Left: A courtly figure in a palanquin; Right: two male figures with raised right arm, as if greeting him or singing his praise.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, south chamber, south-west corner, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south-west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A horseman and his retainer.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A band headed by a player on foot beating a cylindrical shell drum and a double kettledrum player mounted on a bull. In the background are three further musician (from left): a kettledrum player and two wind instruments players.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Elephant and rider.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, south west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, south chamber, west wall: General view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, south chamber, view of west wall and of the coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, south chamber, east and south walls, and coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, south chamber, east and south walls

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, general view from the south chamber towards north.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Second tier, transept, view form south-east to north-west. The wooden sculptures show Virabhadra (left) and Purushamriga (right).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, transept
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