Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The story of the sale of the rubies: Shiva, in the guise of a gem merchant displays his ware to prospective buyers. (TP 17)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left, Vikrama Pandya enthroned and a nobleman. Shiva, in the guise of a hunter, kills the magic black elephant sent by the Chola king – a Jain- to kill Vikrama Pandya. On the right, the king stands behind Shiva. (TP 22)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left: A pregnant queen(?) laments the death of her husband killed by a cheetah. On the left upper corner, a soldier armed with a pike is aiming at the cheetah. (TP 17)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Unidentified story, involving a king, three elephants , two horses and a lascar.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A net to catch a large fish is cast under the guidance of an experienced fisherman, i.e. Shiva in disguise. (TP 57)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Unidentified story: Two women lament the death of their husband. On the left, a servant tries to revive a fainted woman with some water. On the right, yet another fainted woman lies on the lap of an attendant.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: An ascetic, Karuvur Siddha, and two gandharvas in a hilly landscape.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The gandharvas sing the praise of the huge Sphutarjunam linga, which has emerged from the tree.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Karuvur Siddha perfors puja before the linga with a flower (?) his hand; On the right, a gandharva sings the praises of the linga.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Karuvur Siddha sits in meditation; A young ascetic, Ayyappa, sits with his left leg held by a yogapatta (cloth band); A mandapa housing a mirror symbolises the palace where Ayyappa was born.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Royal couple seated in a building.The queen requests the king, Pandala Raja, to bring tiger’s milk.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Ayyappa, seated with his knee held in place by a yogapatta (cloth band), grants audience to his earthly father, Pandala Raja, who requests him to come back to the palace.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row (from left to right); Puja scenes before a temple enshrining the Devi and the linga; sages floating above the shrines pay homage to the deities. A devotee carrying something on his head, perhaps a bamboo rod, walks towards the entrance gopura;
On the extreme right, a king speaks to two dignitaries. At the feet of the king is a scribe with a palm leaf in his hands. Second row: Adhikaranandi stands near Shiva and Parvati enthroned while a courtly couple pay homage to them; A tank is shown on the right. This may be the Surendra moksha tirtha near the Narumpunatha temple; A sage stands near a maruda tree from which emerges a linga. Another sage, seated on a hillock beneath a maruda tree, with the left knee held in place by a yogapatta, could be Karuvur Siddha; Yet another sage worships a linga emerging from a maruda tree. Third row: A shepherd, Idaikkadar, and his flock; Idaikkadar talks to Shiva at the presence of five noblement, two of them taking notes on a leaf; The king, flanked by an attendant, listens to the debate. On the extreme right Idaikkadar in a trance. (TP 56)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Tarumi (left) presents the poem written by Shiva on his behalf to the academicians, who find it perfect; Nakkirar, however finds is faulty; Tarumi worships Shiva; The god appears before the academicians and Nakkiran continues to assert that the poem is faulty; Shiva opens his third eye; Nakkiran, however persists in his statement; Unable to bear the scorching heat of Shiva’s gaze, he jumps in the Golden Lotus tank (TP 52); Second row: Adhikaranandi and Chandesha pay homage to Shiva and Parvati seated on Mount Kailasa; Worship at a Shiva temple; Two noblemen discussing; Third row:
Sages at worship; Idaikkadar at the side of the king, and another poet, Kapilar, involved in a discussion; The king waves the chauri near the Vaigai river, a sign that Shiva has manifested himself there. (TP 56)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Third tier, north chamber, west wall, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Wooden statue of a monkey and her baby.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Karuvur Siddha talks to Brahma; Second row: Three kings worship a stand with unhusked paddy; Third row: Musicians.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Wooden statue of a wrestler; On the wall, scenes from the life of Sundarar. Top row: Sundarar seated on an elephant and Cheraman Perumal riding on his horse ascend to Kailasa; Second row: Sundarar arrives in Avinashi and is welcomed by some priests; Third row: Sundarar restores to life a child eaten by a crocodile by singing the praise of Shiva; Fourth row: The Pandya king gives a pearl necklace to Tarumi (TP 52).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Wooden statue of a wrestler. On the wall: Top row: a panther and another animal facing a hound; Second row: Three male dancers; Third and fourth rows: Agni; Yama; Varuna; Vayu.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A monkey and her baby; Top row: A goat and a ram;
Second row: A person standing paying homage to a nobleman and two further persons, the rest is obliterated; Third row: Three dancers; Fourth row: Three musicians.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, south west corner
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