Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Two ladies in a building watch a snake charmer playing with a snake. Behind him is a woman with a child in her arms.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A couple eating in a building; Outside, a tall dancing bard carries in his hands a tray of food and a string instrument; The next scene shows a lady in a building filled with pots.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king worships Sundareshvara. On the left an ascetic; on the right the king’s retinue. (TP 21)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king , accompanied by his retinue, talks to the siddha. (TP 21)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king comes to meet the siddha, and they look on, as the stone elephant eats the sugarcane.(TP 21)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Fourth tier, north chamber, north wall: Textile patterns and coffered ceiling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Textile patterns The deer motif immediately beneath the ceiling, instead of the hamsas, may refer to the story of Valli shown on the east wall.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Fourth tier, north chamber, east wall; The story of Valli and Murugan. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The story of the Narumpunatha temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunter Nampi finds a baby girl born from the doe. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters, headad by Nampi carrying the baby (on the extreme left), proceed towards their settlement. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli in a cradle; Life in the hunters’ settlement. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli, on a paran (platform), guards the millet fields and is approached by her father and other hunters bringing an object. Her companion, on the right, holds a bowl of food in her left hand.
Location: Tamil NaduTemple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters carry a dead boar. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: GGopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters notice the presence of a new vengai tree – Murugan in disguise – near the paran (platform) where Valli and her companion watch the millet field. They want to fell it, but Nampi prevents them from doing so. (KP VI. 24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli and her companion on a paran. On the right, Murugan in the guise of an Shaiva devotee appears and begs food from the girls. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Disappeared. Probably this scene depicted the hunters and the Shaiva mendicant approaching the paran (platform) where Valli and her companion
are seated. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Murugan in the guise of an old mendicant approaches the paran (platform) and talks to Valli. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters in the forest; the old mendicant sheds his guise and reveals himself as Murugan. (KP. VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters kill a boar.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall
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