Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Yama and Agni on their vehicles, the buffalo and the ram.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Varuna and Vayu on their vehicles, the makara and the deer.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, transept, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Third tier, south chamber, east wall, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Indra on the elephant Airavata. (TP 3)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Tatatakai (Minakshi) her mother and an attendant.(TP 4) The inscription says that Tatatakai was born with three breasts.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The abhisheka (coronation) of Tatatakai. (TP 4)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Tatatakai (Minakshi) fights against Shiva riding on Indra’s elephant, Airavata (TP 5). The inscription says: ‘Tatatakai born with three breasts engages in war against the Lord of Mount Kailasa’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Indra’s elephant, Airavata, is freed of his sins and regains his white colour. (TP 2)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: The wedding of Minakshi and Sundarar; Second row (left): The shrine of Sundarar at Madurai; Sundarar dances in the Silver Hall for the benefit of Patanjali; (right) Nandikeshvara and a gana? playing the drum; Third row Gundodara is fed; Fourth row (left): Gundodara’s thirst is quenched; (right): Flowers. (TP 5-8)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Third tier, south chamber, west wall, general view.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura,third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Shiva and Parvati bathing in a river and washing their hair.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Description: A man and a woman washing their hair; These may be Svayambhuva Manu and his wife, Satarupa, arriving at Tiruppudaimarudur where Shiva and Parvati had manifested themselves.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A queen, seated with her child on her lap, and attendants. She may be Adi Manu’s wife, Satarupa. The same child, somewhat grown is walking and crawling.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A royal consecration; Adi Manu crowns his son Sundara Manu. Two fly whisk bearers frame the scene.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Sundara Manu receives the sceptre from Shiva and Parvati.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A devotee worships Minakshi and Sundareshvara.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king in a building, the queen (?) stands outside before him with a fly whisk in her hand; On the left, a dignitary pays homage to Minakshi and Sundareshvara (previous slide).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A queen, a child, and an attendant in a building. On the right, a further attendant stands on the threshold giving something to the queen, who extends her hand. On the extreme right, a soldier.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king seated on a low throne receives a floral homage from a child. On the left, a soldier and two further royal attendants. On the right, two men stand in respectful attitude.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king talks to a nobleman. On the right, a dancer (?) carries a string instrument in the right hand and a basket hangs from his left shoulder. On the left, a brahmin and a fly whisk bearer.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, third tier, south chamber, west wall
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