Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli on the paran (platform). (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli and the hunters. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli on the paran (platform) gives food to the old mendicant. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli stands under a tree, and Murugan appears as an old man. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Valli and the mendicant at the river. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A wild elephant – Ganesha in disguise – attacks Valli; Murugan appears in his true form and she flees into his arms. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A wild elephant – Ganesha in disguise- attacks Valli. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A wild elephant -Ganesha in disguise- attacks Valli; Murugan appears in his true form and she flees into his arms. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Murugan reveals himself to Valli. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The hunters pay homage to Murugan. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The wedding of Valli and Murugan. (KP VI.24)
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, east wall
![Title: Narumpunatha Temple; Tiruppudaimarudur Date: mid-17th centuryDescription: Adi Manu [the Chera king?] receives prasada from a priest of a Shiva temple. Behind him are his retainers; A fly whisk bearer, a soldier, a spittoon bearer and a sword bearer. The inscription reads 'Adi Manu built the golden temple'. Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall](https://southindianpaintings.art/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/DSC_7378-150x99.jpg)
Date: mid-17th century
Description: Adi Manu [the Chera king?] receives prasada from a priest of a Shiva temple. Behind him are his retainers; A fly whisk bearer, a soldier, a spittoon bearer and a sword bearer. The inscription reads ‘Adi Manu built the golden temple’.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king talks to an unidentified person. On the right, stand his retinue. On the right is his retinue. A possible explanation is that the king expresses his wish to build the temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king talks to an unidentified person. On the right is his retinue.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Worship in a Shiva temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Vira Martanda Varma (i.e. Kulasekhara Perumal) receives prasada from a priest. According to the inscription this ruler built the Narumpunatha temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king’s retinue.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple: Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top: Worship at a Devi temple; On the left: The king’s retinue; Bottom: The king is carried in a palanquin. His retinue precedes and follows him.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: The king receives prasada from a priest on arrival at the temple.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A Shaiva temple complex; Note the unfinished goddess image.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, fourth tier, north chamber, west wall
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