Tiruppudaimarudur, Narumpunatha Temple
Historical background
The village of Tiruppudaimarudur lies at the confluence of the Tamraparni and Ghatananadi rivers some 25 km west of Tirunelveli. Its main attraction is its temple, dedicated to Shiva as Narumpunatha, Lord among fragrant flowers, and to his consort, Gomatiambal. Probably an early Pandya foundation, it was substantially enlarged during the Vijayanagara and Nayaka periods.
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Its five-tiered east gopura houses remarkably well preserved paintings and wooden sculptures. The tiers, accessible through a narrow and steep staircase, occupy the principal longitudinal area of the gopura and are flanked, in the centre, by two projections – to the east and the west – provided with a small window.
The first floor is the largest, 11 m long and 4 m broad, the dimensions of each tier decreasing gradually from the first to the fifth. The latter is capped by a barrel vault supported by elegant wooden rafters. The walls of all the five tiers are covered with fine paintings, some of which, especially in proximity of the windows, are faded, whereas those on the interior walls of the chambers have fared marginally better. On each tier sets of wooden pillars bearing fine carvings support elaborate coffered ceilings. Sadly, in the past decades some of the murals have been wantonly defaced by visitors, and in order to avoid further damages, the gopura is now closed to the public. The murals’ dating is uncertain, however, a date around the mid-17th century seems the most probable.
The paintings show an amazing variety of themes: narratives inspired by local legends, puranic and epic literature. Most important, however is the wide range of depictions focusing on everyday activities: courtly receptions, commerce, in particular horse trading with Arabs and Portuguese – a case in point is the famous mural showing a ‘stable ship’. Historical events such as the victory of the Vijayanagara ruler Achyutadeva Raya (r. 1530-1542) over the Tiruvadi ruler – occupy the whole second tier of the gopura. These murals are an invaluable, and probably the largest, source of information on mid-seventeenth century material culture of southern Tamil Nadu.

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Figure paying homage to a linga in a shrine. This may represent the Atmanatha temple at Tirupperunturai (Avudaiyarkoyil).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Manikkavachakar, in a palanquin, travels accompanied by his retinue; Bottom row (left): the king speaks to some ascetics; (right) A dignitary speaks to an ascetic.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A king talking to an ascetic, royal retainers, two (?) ascetics and a dignitary (?).
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudu
Positioning: Gopura, first tier, south chamber, west wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship. On the right, a quay where the horses are disembarked
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship; On the right a quay where the horses are disembarked.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship; On the right a quay where the horses are disembarked.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship (detail); Foreign (Central Asian? Persian?) horse merchants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;TiruppudaimarudurTemple
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, north west corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship (detail); The quay where the horses are disembarked.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura, second tier, north chamber, north wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A stable ship (detail); Foreign (Central Asian? Persian?) horse merchants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, north east corner

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Commanders and courtly figures marching along with the army consisting of infantry, cavalry and elephants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: From top to bottom: Courtly figure carried in a palanquin, surrounded by troops; Parading elephants, infantry and cavalry; Parading elephants.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Courtly figure seated in a palanquin; A raja, possibly Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala, seated on a low throne receives some dignitaries; Second row: Parading cavalry and infantry; Third row: Parading cavalry.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A courtly figure, perhaps Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala, carried in a palanquin and parading infantry.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top row: Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala(?) travelling in a palanquin preceded by standard-bearers and soldiers. Second row: Troops on elephants, infantry, and cavalry on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Troops on elephants on the move.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: On the left: A nobleman carried in a palanquin, followed by three archers; Salakaraju Chinna Tirumala (?) seated on a throne receives dignitaries. Behind him stand a scribe, a fly whisk bearer and a spittoon-bearer.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Top and bottom rows: Cavalry and infantry marching.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A parasol bearer precedes two commanders riding on horses.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: A military band.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall

Date: mid-17th century
Description: Six dignitaries standing with hands folded in anjali mudra.
Location: Tamil Nadu Temple;Narumpunatha Temple;Tiruppudaimarudur
Positioning: Gopura second tier, north chamber, east wall
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